Strøtanker om bæredygtighed

Disse to kort er måske ikke umiddelbart så forskellige. Men hvis man zoomer ind på kortet til højre, som er en 1.000-års-fremskrivning af det afrikanske kontinent, så ser man effekten af de to voldsomste klimaforandringer for det afrikanske kontinent: Ørkenerne er vokset betragteligt, mens de stigende have har ædt de lavtliggende flodsenge, så for eksempel hele det i dag beboede egyptiske Nildelta er fuldstændig væk.

I tiden op til COP21 i Paris er der her på strøtanker efterhånden lavet adskillige indlæg om enkeltlandes klimamålsætninger, INDC, som udgør fundamentet for klimaaftalen, Kina, Island, Indien, Brasílien, New Zealand, Japan, Canada, Australien, Indonesien og OPEC-landenes INDC. Det er på ingen måde tanken at gøre dette for samtlige verdens lande. Men igennem det meste af året har jeg samlet artikler om klimasituationen i Afrika – ikke systematisk, men løbende når jeg er faldet over dem for gradvist at søge at få en fornemmelse af, hvordan klimaindsatsen håndteres i denne del af verden, hvor klimaforandringerne står til at ramme voldsomst. Så dette blog-indlæg består af flere dele. Øverst en lille intro om de afrikanske INDC, som slutter med et par små videoer. Derunder først links til artikler som generelt belyser klima- og bæredygtighedsudfordringen på det afrikanske kontinent. Derefter følger en række links til artikler om de enkelte landes klimaplaner og klimaindsats, som er organiseret alfabetisk efter landenavn. For hvert land findes der et ultrakort resume af pågældende lands INDC, som stammer fra Panafrican Climate Justice Alliance.

Der har ikke været noget uomtvisteligt krav om, at alle lande indleverede INDC, og Christiana Figueres sagde en gang i sommers i et video-interview, at hun fandt det realistisk at håbe på, at der forud for Paris ville være klimaplaner, som dækkede to tredjedele af verdens samlede udledninger. Afrika har her nok været et kontinent, hvor man ikke har taget det for givet, at der forud for Paris blev udarbejdet klimaplaner. De gennemsnitlige udledninger for hele det afrikanske kontinent er blot 1,1 ton CO₂ pr. indbygger pr. år, og en lang række lande har udledninger helt nede omkring 0,1 ton CO₂ pr. indbygger pr. år.

Der er da også stadig lande, som endnu ikke har afleveret – i nogle situationer er en medvirkende grund den banale, at man ikke kender landets samlede klimaregnskab og ikke har det datagrundlag, som skal til for at lave en egentlig klimaplan. Men allerede i marts kom den første afrikanske klimaplan på banen, og her omkring deadline 1. oktober, hvis man ville være rettidig i forhold til den analyse af verdens klimaplaner, som UNFCCCs sekretariat lige nu er i gang med, kom der en hel sværm af afrikanske klimaplaner. Ifølge PACJA er der pr. 1. oktober indkommet INDC fra 44 af 54 lande, og siden er der kommet fra både Malawi og Uganda, så der i skivende stund kun mangler otte. Men sandsynligvis kommer vi op omkring INDC fra omkring 50 afrikanske lande inden Paris.

I foråret blev der forelagt en form for skabelon for, hvordan INDC kunne udarbejdes, og mange lande har fulgt den et langt stykke af vejen, så de er ikke så forskellige som man kunne frygte. Og en række af de allerfatigste lande har fået proceshjælp fra instanser som Climate Analytics og UNEP til udarbejdelsen af deres INDC.

Blandt de lande, som endnu ikke har afleveret INDC, finder man Egypten. Egyptens miljøminister Khaled Fahmy siger 10.11. til Al-Monitor, at “Egypt did not have a major role in the negative environmental impact, as it contributes to only 0.5% of the world total carbon dioxide [C02] emissions. Nevertheless, it is among the countries that are most at risk of sinking into the Mediterranean Sea.” Fahmy tilføjer på den baggrund, at: “Based on Egypt’s aspirations [to increase] economic development, the government’s stance in the international negotiations on climate change tends to focus on solutions to adapt to the climate change impact, while not committing to the decisions and actions to reduce CO₂ emissions”. Det fremgår af samme artikel i Al-Monitor, at man knapt har de grundlæggende klima- og emissionsdata, som gør det muligt at udarbejde en egentlig klimaplan. Hvis der således overhovedet kommer en egyptisk INDC, vil det nok primært være en plan for en stærkt påtrængende klimatilpasning.

Klimaforandringerne er i dag mere fremskredne over det afrikanske kontinent end mange andre steder i verden, og livsbetingelserne er mange steder over det store kontinent så sårbare, at selv marginale forandringer kan have voldsomme konsekvenser for levevilkårene. Det er tydeligt ved læsningen af de afrikanske INDC, at man gennemgående er gået meget seriøst til arbejdet og har brugt situationen til at gøre status over situationen – ikke blot, hvad man kan gøre for at mindske nogle ofte forsvindende små udledninger, men nok så meget hvordan man kan klimatilpasse og inden for rammerne heraf sikre en bæredygtig udvikling. Så det er ikke for meget at sige, at der i mange af de afrikanske klimaplaner er betydeligt mere klimaambition og vilje til forandring end i de mere velsituerede landes INDC.

Blot for at give et par eksempler har Etiopien fremlagt en INDC, som indebærer en reduktion med to tredjedele i 2030 (i forhold til BAU), mens højdespringeren er lande som Comorerne – den lille øgruppe nord for Madagaskar – som i sin INDC regner med at kunne reducere sine udledninger med 85% i 2030, og Namibia, som planlægger en 89% reduktion i 2030, primært gennem bedret skovbrug.

Men ligesom Afrika er et stort kontinent med meget forskellige lande, er klimaplanerne særdeles forskelligartede. Der er lande med forsvindende små klimafodaftryk og lande med rivende udvikling. Mens omkring halvdelen af de afrikanske lande har udledninger på 0,1 ton CO₂ pr. indbygger pr. år eller mindre, og an anden stor gruppe ligger under 1 ton så er de tilsvarende tal for Equatorial Guinea 7,7 ton, Libyen 7,7 ton, Sydafrika 9,5 ton og Sechyellerne 14,1 ton – typisk fordi disse lande har en i forhold til deres størrelse betydelig olie- og gasproduktion. Til sammenligning er EUs samlede per capita-udledninger på 7,2 ton CO₂. Kontinentets største klimapåvirkning kommer fra Sydafrika, som alene står for mere end 40% af Afrikas samlede udledninger. Her har man som del af sin INDC lovet at standse stigningerne i 2025 for så fra 2035 at lade udledningerne falde. Og planerne her er gradvist at erstatte den ganske opfattende kulafbrænding med A-kraft og vedvarende energi.

For langt de fleste landes vedkommende er der tale om, at den i INDCerne beskrevne klimaindsats rækker ud over den snævre mitigation. Der er lagt op til en indsats, som kombinerer mitigation, adaptation og økonomisk udvikling i hvad der ofte beskrives som climate-smart development, hvor en bæredygtig udvikling i et holistisk perspektiv er søgt kombineret med både klimaindsats og klimatilpasning.

De afrikanske landes INDCer viser gennemgående en dybt seriøs tilgang til klimaindsatsen, hvor selv de fattigste lande med de mindste per capita-udledninger har stillet sig det dobbelte spørgsmål, hvor langt man kan komme med egne ressourcer, og hvad man derudover ville kunne gøre under forudsætning af den fornødne finansielle hjælp. Langt de fleste afrikanske landes klimaplaner opererer således med to kategorier af indsatser, en unconditional, som man vil gennemføre under alle omstændigheder, og en unconditional, som man gerne ser gennemført under forudsætningen af finansiel og teknologisk støtte (se grafen nedenfor).

Hvis man ser Climate Action Trackers oversigt, så er der kun ét land, Bhutan, hvis klimaindsats bliver karakteriseret som role model, men tre landes INDC er klassificeret som sufficient, heriblandt Marokko og Etiopien. De øvrige landes klimaplaner er placeret i enten medium eller inadequate, som kan oversættes til noget i retning af fra noget utilstrækkelig og helt utilstrækkelig til at imødekomme 2°C-målsætningen. Her er Sydafrikas klimaindsats karakteriseret som inadequate. De øvrige afrikanske lande er simpelthen ikke medtaget, fordi deres udledninger i det store billede er forsvindende små.

Grafisk fremstilling af CO₂-reduktionsdelen af Marokkos INDC. Med per capita-udledninger på 1,1 ton pr. år svarer Marokkos udledninger nogenlunde til det afrikanske gennemsnit.

Den marokkanske klimamålsætning, som den kommer til udtryk i den indleverede INDC, er illustreret med grafen herover. Man ser her, hvordan man først har defineret Business As Usual (BAU) – et scenario for udviklingen af den marokkanske drivhusbelastning, hvis man blot lader den nuværende udvikling fortsætte. I forhold hertil har Marokko frem til 2030 identificeret reduktioner på i alt 13% (i forhold til BAU), som man ser sig i stand til selv at finansiere (den grønne linje). Og man har defineret en ønskelig klimaindsats i den udstrækning, man kan opnå finansiel støtte dertil – illustreret med den røde linjes conditional target.

De afrikanske landes INDC kan således også læses som en ønskeseddel for en for hele verden meget attraktiv udvikling, hvor de afrikanske landes udvikling sigter på at opbygge en bæredygtig grøn økonomi og ikke har som mål først at blive (stinkende og forurenende) industriland ved hjælp af kul og olie, for derefter at stå med alle de velkendte problemer med at skulle vænne et samfund fra sin fossile afhængighed.

Man kan med stor rimelighed anlægge det synspunkt, at klimamidler, som er givet til en sådan udvikling, er givet langt bedre ud her, hvor de samtidig løser en bred vifte af problemer. For i jo højere grad det lykkes at føre udviklingen af et disse lande, hvor industrialiseringen endnu ikke er gennemgribende, direkte fra det præindustrielle til det postindustrielle uden først at skulle igennem et samfund med et stor fossilt forbrug, jo bedre. Ikke bare klimaindsats-mæssigt, men også i høj grad  økonomisk, etisk og sundhedsmæssigt.

Et af de spørgsmål, som trænger sig på her op til Paris, er således, i hvilken udstrækning verdens rige lande er indstillet på at bidrage til oprydningen efter den rige verdens ‘fossile fest’ også i verdens fattige lande, hvor klimaforandringerne i mange tilfælde er langt mere fremskredne. Det er derfor ikke tilfældigt, at det i høj grad har været de afrikanske lande, som har været bestyrtede over den seneste nedredigering af forhandingsteksten til klimaaftalen til COP21 og ved den igangværende samling i Bonn har været med til at tvinge de aspekter tilbage i forhandlingsteksten, som sikrer en bred og retfærdig varetagelse af klimaudfordringen (se blog-indlægget Klimamøde i Bonn, to minutter i Paris). For hvor klimaforandringerne vil kunne være ødelæggeende for de afrikanske muligheder for at udvikle gode levevilkår for de fleste, så vil en vel gennemført climate-smart udvikling af det afrikanske kontinent i bedste fald kunne genere en sund og bæredygtig udvikling.

UNFCCCs sekretariat er lige nu ved at analysere de enkelte landes INDC, og Figueres varslede i går, at resultatet ville foreligge omkring 1. november. Her er et af de virkelig spændende spørgsmål, hvor langt de midler, som den rige verden har stillet til rådighed, rækker i forhold til de behov, som udviklingslandenes INDC afdækker.

Det har i snart adskillige år været lovet fra de rige lande, at der fra 2020 ville være en klimafond 100 mia $ pr. år til at finansiere klimaindsatsen i verdens fattigste lande, men ingen ved, hvor langt det rækker. Der er netop kommet en første opgørelse af de hidtidige tilsagn, som på det seneste er nået op i omegnen af 60 mia. $. Men problemet er, at tilsagnene dækker over både regulære støttebeløb og lånemuligheder, varekreditter og på anden vis øremærkede midler. Så ved en CAN pressekonference i Bonn dag blev det vurderet, at kun omkring en tredjedel af de nuværende tilsagn var egentlige frie støttemidler, som ikke skulle betales tilbage.

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Den marokkanske miljøminister Hakima el Haite fortæller i denne video om baggrunden for udarbejdelsen af Marokkos INDC. Tilbage i 2011 blev bæredygtig udvikling indskreivet i Marokkos konstiution, og landet har en af regionens mest ambitiøse klimapolitikker med et mål om at nå en andel af vedvarende energi på 43% inden 2020 – før begyndelsen af INDC-perioden fra 2020 til 2030. Bæredygtighedsstrategien har tre søjler (pillars): Den første er, at alle policies skal integrere beskyttelsen af miljøet. Den anden er, at alle politikker og indsatser skal forholde sig til klimaudfordringen (climate change issues). Den tredje søjle er, at alle politikker skal forfølge grøn vækst og cirkulær økonomi.

Det kunne vi godt bruge i Danmark (og i Københavns Kommune), hvor man ofte må konstatere, at selvom vi har de rigtige overordnede målsætninger, så bliver de igen og igen ‘glemt’ i de løbende beslutninger.

Mod slutningen kommer el Haite ind på finansieringen, hvor den unconditional del samlet frem mod 2030 rundt regnet vil koste 15 mia $, da vil den conditional part skønsmæssigt beløbe sig til omkring 30 mia. $. Adspurgt, hvorfra disse midler skal komme, svarer el Haite, at Marokko allerede har gode erfaringer med private investorer, og at mange af disse investeringer vil udgøre gode forretnings-cases. Så hvis bare den grønne udviklingsfond vil hjælpe med begyndelsen, vil det tiltrække mange private investorer – hun skønner, at hver dollar fra udviklingsfonden kan generere 2-3 private investeringsdollars.

Der er således ikke bare tale om, at det er FN, som skal betale, for så ville de 100 mia. $ pr. år, som der nu er på tale at søge at rejse fra 2020 overhovedet ikke række. Men det kunne meget vel være pensionskasser, som flytter deres midler fra fossile investeringer over i etableringen af et bæredygtigt Marokko og samtidig løftede en stor klimaopgave og udviklingsmæssig opgave. Derudover er det muligeder for carbon credits, så el Haite ser ikke finansieringspørgsmålet som det altoverskyggende problem.

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Denne video skildrer, hvordan bestræbelserne på en bæredygtig udvikling i Etiopien gradvist er ved at transformere tørre støvede landskaber til frugtbare grønne ditto. Denne del af Afrika har været et af hovedområderne for de senere års stærke satsning på en såkaldt climate-smart agriculture, hvor bestræbelserne på klimaindsats (mitigation), klimatilpasning og bæredygtig udvikling er integreret og håndteret i et helhedsperspektiv.

Der er ansatser til en sund udvikling mange steder på det afrikanske kontinent, og man kan kun håbe, at den globale klimaindsats kommer så rettidigt, at klimaforandringerne ikke blot trækker Afrika ind i en ny fase af mere eller mindre konstant klimakatastrofe, men at denne integrerede indsats rent faktisk lykkes med at skabe en bæredygtig velstand – og tilstand – på kontinentet.

Og vi vil her ved de forestående forhandlinger i Paris se et Afrika, som vil gøre, hvad de kan for at sikre ikke bare en aftale, men en stærk aftale, som íkke blot lunter mod en 2°C-løsning, men har ambitioner om at nå at bremse den globale klimaudvikling før 1½°C. Og som vi så det ved den seneste forhandlingsrunde i Bonn (se blog-indlægget Klimamøde i Bonn, to minutter i Paris), så vil Afrika ikke bare acceptere, at hver land står med sin del af problemerne, men insistere på, at disse klimaproblemer, som de fleste afrikanske lande kun i forsvindende grad er medansvarlig for samtidig med at de vil ramme det afrikanske kontinent urimeligt hårdt, men at verdenssamfundet udviser den solidaritet at løse hele problemet.

Update 10.11. – I dag forelå der INDC fra Sudan (samt fra Saudi-Arabien), og hermed er vi oppe på at have klimaplaner fra 158 lande her få uger før konferencen i Paris går i gang. Den er udarbejdet med støtte fra UNEP og indebærer en række tiltag med vedvarende energi (20% andel i 2030), energieffektiviseringer, bedre affaldshåndtering og øget skovplantning, så Sudan igen kommer op over 25% skovareal. I denne tørre del af verden er dette yderst vigtigt, fordi den øgede vegetation generere mere fugtighed og nedbør. Derudover er der skitseret en bedre affaldshåndtering, som vil munde ud i et zero waste-system.

Der er givet en masse forudsætninger for et business as usual-scenario, men ikke lavet nogen sammenregning, heller ikke af, hvad de skitserede indsatser indebærer af besparelser. Men Sudans udledninger ligger også helt nede på 0,2 ton pr. indbygger pr. år (hvor til sammenligning Saudi-Arabien, som også afleverede i dag, har udledninger  på 18.2 ton pr. indbygger pr. år).

De fleste af klimaplanens 16 sider belyser tilpasningsdelen. Den skønnede behov for udenlandsk investering er vurderet til i alt lige under 13 mia. $ over en 5-10-årig periode, hvoraf de 1,2 mia. $ går til tilpasningsdelen.

Update 11.11. – I dag blev der indleveret INDC fra Egypten. Den har ikke nogle definitive reduktionsmålsætninger, men præsenterer en vifte af indsatser inden for energisektoren. Egypten har mange gamle kraftværker og forbrændingsenheder med dårlig energieffektivitet, og den egyptiske INDC præsenterer overvejelser om at etablere et kvotemarked for at fremme omstillingen til vedvarende energi.

Links til Egyptens klimaplan og omtaler deraf kan ses nedenfor under Egypten.

Update 17.11. – I dag har Somalia indleveret sin INDC, hviklet bringer antallet af INDC op på 165. Somalia er blandt de afrikanske lande med en meget uudviklet infrastruktur, hvis bidrag til klimaforandringerne er forsvindende. Så kunststykket er her mest at få startet rigtigt. Et af indsatsområderne er illegal trækulsproduktion fra krigende militsgrupper, som fører til en stærkt uhensigtsmæssig afskovning i en region, som om noget har brug for at fastholde og øge sit skovdække, fordi skovene her på grænsen af ørkenen er med til at øge fordampningen og dermed landskabernes nedbør og frugtbarhed.

Blandt de senet afleverede planer er der set små ting på blot 5-7 sider, som tydeligvis er lavet uden de helt store overvejelser – vi må her håbe, at det at man fra alle de øvrige planer ser, i hvor høj grad en INDC kan være en arbejdsplan en køreplan for bæredygtig udvikling og (forhåbenligt) en måde for verdens fattigste lande at præsentere projekter på, som kvalificerer dem til klimastøtte, at nogle af de mere pjevsede INDC bliver genskrevet med langt mere substans.

Heroverfor fremstår Somalias INDC, som er blevet til med støtte fra UNEP, som både omfattende og gennemarbejdet. Planen opregner i alt ni indsatsområder, som jeg medtager overskrifterne til, da det giver en fornemmelse af udfordringerne i et land som Somalia:

1. Sustainable Land Management to Build Resilient Rural Livelihoods and Enable National Food Security
2. Integrated Water Resources Management to Ensure Water Access and Supply to Vulnerable Populations and Sectors
3. Reducing Risks among Vulnerable Populations from Natural Disasters
4. UN Joint Programme on Sustainable Charcoal Production and Alternative Livelihoods (PROSCAL)
5. Rehabilitation of Fanoole Hydro-Electric Dam and Irrigation Infrastructure
6. Project for Domestication of Indigenous and the Introduction of Economically Important Plant
7. Project Proposal Charcoal Production from Prosopis and Replacement with Crop Production
8. Up scaling the Use of Solar Energy
9. Marine and Coastal Environmental Governance and Management of Somalia 

Langt hovedparten af klimaplanens 47 sider udgøres af en uddybning af disse 9 indsatsområder.

Update 23.11. – I dag var der INDC fra South Somalia, verdens yngste land, som udskilt fra Sudan i 2011 efter en krig i området, som kun næsten er slut, så landet står med en skrøbelig, næsten ikke eksisterende infrastruktur infrastruktur. Landets INDC beskriver en række klima- og klimatilpasningsaktiviteter, som tilsammen dækker en bred vifte af landets emissioner, men sætter ikke nogen reduktionsmål, også fordi man ikke har nogen opgørelse over de nuværende udledninger. Men som del af sin INDC forpligter man sig til i løbet af 2016 at have defineret en baseline. South Somalia vil over en tiårig periode plante 20 mio. træer samt beskytte 20% af skovarealet. PÅ sidste side skønnes det samlede finansieringsbehov frem til 2030 at være 50 mia. $. Planen er udarbejdet med støtte fra UNEP, og er betegnet som draft, så vi må formode, at der er planer om en ny runde, evt. på baggrund af en fuld afdækning af de nuværende emissionskilder.

 

Update 28.11. – Så kom der INDC fra Nigeria. Det er ganske rigtigt en for et land på dette stadie ganske ambitiøs klimaplan. For hvor Business As Usual (BAU) rundt regnet vil medføre en fordobling af udledningerne i 2030, fra godt 400 mio. ton CO₂ pr. år til omkring 850 ton CO₂ pr. år, så vil klimaplane fuldt gennemført føre til, at udledningerne er stabile fra 2025 med en udledning på blot 2 mio. ton CO₂ pr. indbygger i 2030 ()svarende til i dag, hvor vi har set den kinesiske udvikling passere 7 ton og snart også 8 ton CO₂ pr. indbygger.

Hvis både conditional (25%) og unconditional (20%) tiltag gennemføres – i alt 45% i forhold til BAU – vil reduktionerne i forhold til 2030 være i størrelsesordenen:

Economy-wide energy efficiency:     179 mio. ton CO₂ pr. år.
Efficient gas power stations:            102 mio. ton CO₂ pr. år.
Work toward ending of gas flaring:   64 mio. ton CO₂ pr. år.
Climate smart agriculture:               74 mio. ton CO₂ pr. år.
Reduce transmission losses:             26 mio. ton CO₂ pr. år.
Renewable energy:                          31 mio. ton CO₂ pr. år.

Tidligere i denne måned faldt det på plads, at Developer Access Infra Africa og Quaint Global Energy Solutions tilsammen investerer 100 mio. $ i etableringen af Nigerias første store solcelleanlæg, et 50MW anlæg i staten Kaduna. Nigerias energiforsyningsselskaber har for kort siden i forbindelse med etableringen af en feed-in-tarif-ordning fået besked på, at energiforsyningen skal omlægges, så mindst halvdelen fremover kommer fra vedvarende energikilder. Og når man ser omtaler i Nigeria af processen omkring indleveringen af landets INDC, så er der store forventninger til den støtte og den eksterne finansiering, som klimaplanen kan være med til at fremme.

Nigeria’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution, UNFCCC november 2015 (pdf).
Nigeria’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution, (Summary) UNFCCC november 2015 (pdf).

Update 29.11. – I dag var der INDC fra Angola, så det er meget tæt på, at der er fuldt hus fra Afrika. Under mitigation dækker Angolas INDC to hovedområder, indfasning af vedvarende energikilder i energiforsyningen samt skovrejsning. Under adaptation er der lagt op til en bredere indsats under fem hovedområder: 1) Agriculture, 2) Coastal Zone, 3) Land-Use, Forests, Ecosystems and Biodiversity, 4) Water resources, samt 5) Health.

Som de fleste afrikanske klimaplaner opererer Angolas indsats med to dele, en unconditional, som frem mod 2030 vil kunne føre udviklingen op til 35% under BAU, og en conditional del, som vil kunne tilføre yderligere omkring 15%. Så Angolas INDC sigter mod en halvering i 2030 i forhold til business as usual.  Med 35%-indsatsen vil Angolas udledninger i perioden 2020-2030 holde sig konstant, omkring 125 mio. ton CO₂ pr. år, hvor udledningerne i 2005 (baseline-året) var 66 mio. ton CO₂ pr. år. Hvis også de unconditional indsatser gennemføres, regnes der med udledninger pr. år i 2030 på 96 mio. ton CO₂.

Angolas INDC oplyser ikke befolkningstal for landet. Men ifølge Verdensbanken havde Angola i 2014 en befolkning på lige knapt 25 mio. med udledninger i 2011 på 1,4 ton pr. person pr. år, hvilket er væsentligt lavere end hvad INDCen beskriver, hvor udledningerne i dag ligger nærmere er 4 mio. ton pr. person pr. år.

Uanset hvad ser vi her en klimaplan for et land i den fase, hvor udledningerne er markant stigende – BAU giver rundt regnet en fordobling af udledningerne på 15 år (2005-2020). På den baggrund er det tilfredsstillende at se, at indsatsen faktisk formår at knække kurven, så udledningerne med den fulde gennemførelse i 2030 vil ligge omkring 18% under 2020.

Hvis noget tilsvarende skete i store udlederlande som Indien og Kina, at de også formåede at etablere klimaplaner, som lande udledningerne i 2030 15-20% under udledningerne i 2020, så ville situationen se meget anderledes ud, og både 2°C-målsætningen og 1½°C-målsætningen burde være inden for rækkevidde.

De samlede udgifter til den samlede indsats (mitigation + adaptation, conditional + unconditional) beløber sig frem mod 2030 til 15,7 mia. $.

Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) of the Republic of Angola, UNFCCC november 2015 (pdf).

Med den seneste INDC fra Angola er vi oppe på at have INDC fra 52 af 54 afrikanske lande. Der mangler således stadig afrikanske INDC fra Libyen og Vestsahara – hvor endda Vestsaharas nuværende situation gør det usikkert om der overhovedet er tale om et fungerende selvstændigt land. Jeg har ikke kunnet finde nogen tegn på udarbejdelse af INDC for Vestsahara og Libyen, så måske Angolas INDC blev den sidste afrikanske INDC inden Paris.

Men det er også blevet en overraskende flot række af klimaplaner. De afrikanske lande synes virkelig at have set perspektivet i at udarbejde planer og specificere sammenhængende støttescenarier, som samtidig med at de indebærer reelle klima-mitigation-indsatser er med til at klimasikre og styrke en bæredygtig udvikling. Så vi må håbe, at de næste to uger i Paris får konkretiseret den rigere del af verdens ansvar for, at den nødvendige kapital til at hjælpe denne indsats til sin fulde realisering, er til stede.

Se samtlige blog-indlæg tagged INDC.

Se en grafisk evaluering af de enkelte landes indsats på Climate Action Tracker.
Se oversigt over samtlige indgivne INDC på Carbon Pulse INDC Tracker.
Se indgivne INDC på UNFCCCs hjemmeside.

Linksamlingen herunder er opdelt, således af første sektion indeholder links til artikler, som generelt belyser klima- og bæredygtighedsudfordringen på det afrikanske kontinent. Derefter følger en række links til artikler om de enkelte landes klimaplaner og klimaindsats, som er organiseret alfabetisk efter landenavn. I overskriften er medtaget datoen for indlevering af INDC, og for de fleste landes vedkommende er der øverst et ultrakort resume af pågældende lands INDC, hvoraf de fleste stammer fra en oversigt i Panafrican Climate Justice Alliance pr. primo oktober.

 

Generelle links

John Nyangena & Hannah Wang’ombe: Climate Pledges Don’t Meet Africa’s Needs, (Daily Nation) All Africa 24.12.2015.

Jeffrey Gogo: Paris Outcome – Yet Another Raw Deal for Africa, (The Herald) All Africa 21.12.2015.

Paris Participants Pledge U.S.$150 Million for African Risk Capacity, (Addis Fortune) All Africa 14.12.2015.

African Catholic Groups Call on Pope Francis to Support Divestment From Fossil Fuels Movement, Ecowatch 13.12.2015.

teleSUR Interview: ‘Paris Deal Is A Death Warrant For Africa’, TeleSUR 12.12.2015

EU and 79 African, Caribbean and Pacific countries join forces for ambitious global climate deal, European Commission 08.12.2015.

African Ministers Insist On a Legally Binding Agreement in Paris, (Abidjan) All Africa 08.12.2015.

Africa means business with radical solar energy announcement, Christian Aid 01.12.2015.

France to spend billions on African renewable energy projects, (Reuters) The Guardian 01.12.2015.

Justus Wanzala: African Countries Feeling Exposed to Extreme Weather Changes, IPS 28.11.2015.

Dan Shepard & Kingsley Ighobor: African leaders pledge to fight for a deal on climate change, Africa Renewal december p. 18.

Stéphane Le Foll & Kanayo F. Nwanze: Food Security Must Be a Top Priority for the Paris COP, Huffington Post 27.11.2015.

Philip Pullella & George Obulutsa: Pope, in Africa, says failure of climate summit would be catastrophic, Reuters 26.11.2015.

Wanjohi Kabukuru & Obi Anyadike : How can Africa unlock climate funds? IRIN News 26.11.2015.

Achim Steiner: Pope Francis in Africa – the Science and Spirituality of Climate Change, (African Arguments) All Africa 25.11.2015.

Anna Hirtenstein & Andrew Mayeda: World Bank Sets $16 Billion Plan for African Climate Action, Bloomberg 24.11.2015.

Thalif Deen: Africa’s Climate Change Funding May Hit 100 Billion by Mid-Century, IPS 24.11.2015.

Colion Todhunter: The tremendous success of agroecology in Africa, The Ecologist 21.11.2015.

Jill Craig: Pope Expected to Address Climate Change During Kenya Visit, Voice of Africa 20.11.2015.

Ed King: Oxfam chief issues Paris warning: No deal without adaptation funding, Climate Home 20.11.2015.

Caroline Kibii: Whatever The Outcome Of France Summit, Act On Climate, The Star (Kenya) 17.11.2015.

Miriam Gatigah: African Experts Say the Continent Must Address Livestock Methane Emissions, IPS News 14.11.2015.

Alex Pashley: No backpedalling on UN deal, say Africa’s endurance cyclists, Climate Home 12.11.2015.

Addis Getaschew: African leaders call for climate-change pact at COP21, AA 12.11.2015.

Anna Leach: Africa could lead world on green energy, says IEA head, The Guardian 11.11.2015.

Marion Davis: Perspectives from Africa in the lead-up to COP21, SEI 11.11.2015.

AU: Africa should be at forefront of climate change talks, Jacaranda FM 11.11.2015.

Mathieu Rouault: El Niño threatens southern Africa with yet another drought, The Conversation 11.11.2015

Simon Musasizi: Pay Climate Change Cash, Rich Nations Tell Africa, (The Observer) All Africa 11.11.2015.

El Nino Threatens Millions of Children in Africa – UN, (Al Jazeera) All Africa 11.11.2015.

Laura Owings: Rubbish can power Africa’s cities, SciDevNet 10.11.2015.

Bennett Oghifo: INDCs Signal Unprecedented Momentum for Climate Agreement in Paris, (This Day) All Africa 10.11.2015.

Isaiah Esipisu: Africa Demands for More Input to Save the Climate, IPS 07.11.2015.

Jennie Z. Rose: What is COP21 & Does it Matter? medium.com 06.11.2015.

John Spaull: ‘Tech obsession’ neglects social science role, SciDevNet 28.10.2015.

5th Conference on Climate Change and Development in Africa (CCDA-V) Climate Change and Sustainable Development: What is at Stake at Paris and Beyond? Highlights for Wednesday, 28 October 2015, IISD 28.10.2015.

Fred Pearce: African Lights: Microgrids Are Bringing Power to Rural Kenya, Yale Environment 360 27.10.2015.

Agroecology – the bold future for Africa, AFSA 27.10.2015.

Kofi Adu Domfeh: Africa at crossroads in safeguarding development progress, PACJA 27.10.2015.

Scott Firsing: Despite threats, Africa is looking to nuclear with Russia and China’s help, The Conversation 26.10.2015.

AbuBakr Bahaj: Solar power is the only answer to light up rural Africa, The Conversation 18.10.2015.

Danstan Kaunda: Low rainfall and crippling power shortages hit Zambia’s economy, Reuters 15.10.2015.

Michael Edison Hayden: How Solar Lanterns Are Giving Power to the People, National Geographic 15.10.2015.

Alex Kirby: Climate change increases tension in Horn of Africa, PACJA 13.10.2015.

Emma Brown: Horn of Africa faces drier weather, SciDevNet 13.10.2015.

Mark Booth: An integrated, sustainable fix is key to solving Africa’s energy woes, The Conversation 12.10.2015.

Louise Trait: Smaller African cities need sustainable energy intervention, The Conversation 09.10.2015.

Lyndon Estes & Tim Searchinger: Why smart agricultural development is needed in Africa’s savannas, The Conversation 07.10.2015.

Energies for Africa project to raise $5bn for renewables, UNEP Climate Action 06.10.2015.

Mithika Mwenda: Africa’s climate action pledges: PACJA comment, PACJA 05.10.2015.

Six African nations reach landmark forest deal, UNEP Climate Action 01.10.2015.

Thalif Deen: Africa Must Depend Less on Development Aid, Says New Study, IPS 29.09.2015.

Solar Power Slowly Making Inroads into Mideast and Africa, IPS 29.09.2015.

Addressing climate change critical to achieving SDGs, PACJA 28.09.2015.

UNGA: African leaders failed to show climate change commitment, Envir News Nigeria 28.09.2015.

Jan Piotrowski: Farmers should drive climate-proofing, report finds, SciDevNet 25.09.2015.

Gitura Mwaura: Between Energy and Development Is Climate Change, All Africa 19.09.2015.

David Karuiki: Do large dams still fit in the sub-Sahara energy and water agenda? Clean Leap 17.09.2015.

Kristen Lyons & Peter Westoby: How climate change efforts by developed countries are hurting Africa’s rural poor, The Conversation 17.09.2015.

Charles Ole Ngereza: African Nations Threaten Veto If Climate Deal Too Weak, All Africa 16.09.2015.

Samantha Spooner: Kissing livelihoods and ecosystems goodbye – the very real threat of ‘fake forests’ in Africa, Mail & Guardian 15.09.2015.

Sally Murray: Focus on Poverty: Why the grid isn’t always the answer, SciDevNet 15.09.2015.

Sekou Toure, Mathieu Ouedraogo & Mainmuna Fane: What is the state of climate-smart agriculture in West Africa? Global Landscapes Forum 15.09.2015.

PACJA: Paris climate deal should tackle damages, not just causes, Envir News Nigeria 13.09.2015.

Alex Kirby: Developing countries set an example on emissions cuts, Climate News Network 12.09.2015.

Rolf Schuttenhelm: More people, less food? Climate change causes North African cereal production to decrease. Uncertainty about eastern Sahel though, Bits of Science 11.09.2015.

Renee Lewis: Scientists: Developing nations outdo wealthier ones on climate pledges, Al Jazeera 10.09.2015.

Isaiah Esipisu: Africa Sees U.N. Climate Conference as “Court Case” for the Continent, IPS 10.09.2015.

Laura Angela Bagnetto: Africa’s Indigenous Communities Key to Preserving Forests and Combating Climate Change, (Radio France Internationale) All Africa 07.09.2015.

New device could prevent air pollution related deaths says UNEP, UNEP Climate Action 04.09.2015.

Niklas Höhne & Hanna Fekete: Emissions Gap – How close are INDCs to 2 and 1.5°C pathways? New Climate 02.09.2015.

Jeffrey Moyo: Urban Farming Mushrooms in Africa Amid Food Deficits, IPS 02.09.2015.

Arison Tamfu: Renewable Energy in Africa, PACJA 02.09.2015.

Badru’s Story: Inside Africa’s Impenetrable Forest, (video) YALE Environment 360, 02.09.2015.

Gareth Brydon Phillips: Why INDCs can be a firm foundation to a climate deal, Eco-Business 19.08.2015.

Africa meeting to boost geothermal energy development, UNEP Climate Action 17.08.2015.

Lou Del Bello: Digging for data on Africa’s climate future, SciDevNet 06.08.2015.

Gilbert Nakweya: African river study fills gap in carbon emissions tally, SciDevNet 30.07.2015.

Laura Sonter & Gillian Galford: Africa’s forests may be our last chance to slow climate change, The Conversation 23.07.2015.

Alex Pashley: US to aid African farmers facing climate challenge, RTCC 29.07.2015. Alliance for climate-smart agriculture launched in West Africa, CGIAR 23.07.2015.

Melissa Britz: Good Governance and Democracy Make for Better Land Use – Expert, All Africa 15.07.2015.

Christine Mungai: Africans worried about climate change and the economy, but some losing sleep over ISIS and Iran too, Mail & Guardian Africa 15.07.2015.

Achieving sustainable development through climate financing, Envir News Nigeria 14.07.2015.

Jennifer Ann Thomson: Why genetically modified crops have been slow to take hold in Africa, The Conversation 13.07.2015.

Melissa Britz: African Scientists Promote Solutions to Mitigate Climate Change, (interview) All Africa 09.07.2015.

Kofi Adu Domfeh: African countries will prioritise agriculture for COP21, releifweb.int 09.07.2015.

Laurie Goering & Megan Rowling: Technical Solutions Alone Can’t Fix Climate Change – Scientists, All Africa 08.07.2015.

Susan Onyango: Charcoal Production in Sub-Saharan Africa Can be Sustainable, All Africa 08.07.2015.

Melissa Britz: Will Africa Be Heard At Climate Science Talks? All Africa 08.07.2015. UN Hails Cooperatives As Vehicle to Make Sustainable Development a Reality for All, All Africa 04.07.2015.

Agathe Maupin: Climate Geopolitics – an Opportunity for Africa to Become a Trailblazer? All Africa 03.07.2015.

Robert Zougmoré, Alain Sy Traoré & Yamar Mbodj (Eds.): Overview of the Scientific, Political and Financial Landscape of Climate-Smart Agriculture in West Africa, CGIAR Working Paper No 118 2015 (pdf).

Sekou Toure & Mainmuna Fane: Alliance for climate-smart agriculture launched in West Africa, Global Landscapes Forum 23.06.2015.

Alex Kirby: Sahel gets surprise rainfall boon from climate change, RTCC 22.06.2015.

Chris Wright & Jed Alegado: What the Philippines Can Learn from Morocco, Peru and Ethiopia, (opinion) IPS 16.06.2015.

West Africa records first intra-continental carbon credits transaction, Envir News Nigeria 15.06.2015.

UNDP and World Resources Institute launch new tool to support climate change actions, UNDP 09.06.2015.

Samantha Spooner: 600,000 deaths caused in Africa by lack of electricity, but continent has huge untapped ‘green jobs’ potential, Mail & Guardian Africa 05.06.2015.

Coleen Vogel & Robert Scholes: What Africa can do to manage the fallout of climate change, The Conversation 29.05.2015.

Megan Rowling: World’s least-polluting nations aim to set Paris climate bar high, Reuters 26.05.2015.

Nye Longman: Greater support to fight climate change in Africa, African Business Review 21.05.2015.

Coleen Vogel: Why Africa is particularly vulnerable to climate change, The Conversation 20.05.2015.

Lahouari Bounoua: Climate change is hitting African farmers the hardest of all, The Conversation 22.05.2015.

Jan Piotrowski: Reliance on trade makes food systems vulnerable, SciDevNet 21.05.2015.

PACJA releases handbook on INDCs, Envir News Nigeria 01.05.2015.

Megan Darby: Greening Africa’s deserts could stem tragic tide of migrants, RTCC 28.04.2015.

COP 21: LDCs get guide to prepare INDCs, Envir News Nigeria 21.04.2015.

African ministers restate demand for finance-based climate pact, Envir News Nigeria 16.04.2015.

African Ministers Call for Strong Paris Agreement, Climate Finance Flows, UNEP 16.04.2015.

Sandy Dechert: INDC Heroes & Villains: Part 4, CleanTechnica 08.04.2015.

Sandy Dechert: INDC Clues From Large Developing Nations: Part 3, CleanTechnica 07.04.2015.

Abdallah el-Kurebe: Climate change, adaptation and African agriculture, Envir News Nigeria 05.04.2015.

Samantha Spooner: Very terrifying map of Africa: How desert, and best friend water, could be our worst enemies, Mail & Guardian Africa 03.04.2015.

Sandy Dechert: What The Climate INDCs Really Mean: Part 2, CleanTechnica 02.04.2015.

Sandy Dechert: Why The INDC Climate Pledges Are Better Than They Look: Part 1, CleanTechnica 01.04.2015.

Sean Buchanan: A “Year of Eye-Catching Steps Forward” for Renewable Energy, 31.03.2015.

Niklas Höhne & Thomas Day: More climate change action, more co-benefits. Analysis of the INDCs for EU, US and China, New Climate 30.03.2015.

ClimateReporters, online climate change magazine, launched, Envir News Nigeria 25.03.2015.

Reed Landberg: African Development Bank defends lending to support coal power over ‘expensive’ solar, wind, (Bloomberg) Mail & Guardian Africa 18.03.2015.

Lee Mwiti: Eight amazing gains African nations can make by switching to a green economy, Mail & Guardian Africa 08.03.2015.

Research: Africa failing to take climate predictions seriously, Envir News Nigeria 05.03.2015.

Ed King: UN: African Robin Hood tax could fund climate adaptation efforts, RTCC 05.03.2015.

PACJA rebrands, defines new action plan, Envir News Nigeria 05.03.2015.

Niklas Höhne, Markus Hagemann & Thomas Day: Second wave of climate change proposals (INDCs) expected in September after a first wave in March, New Climate 05.03.2015.

Paul Brown: SolarAid project benefits 9 million in Africa, 1.5 million lights sold, RTCC 10.02.2015.

What is Africa taking to Paris COP21? ClimDev-Africa 22.01.2015.

Sayed Azam-Ali: Yes, Africa will feed itself within the next 15 years, The Conversation 22.01.2015.

Wambi Michael: Africa Needs to Move Forward on Renewable Energy, IPS 22.01.2015.

Samantha Spooner: 2014 was the hottest year on record – here’s why Africa should be afraid of those high temperatures,  Mail & Guardian Africa 22.01.2015.

Busani Bafana: More Than Half of Africa’s Arable Land ‘Too Damaged’ for Food Production, UPS 13.01.2015.

Paul Brown: Climate change boosting risks of conflict in fragile states – report, Climate Home 02.01.2015.

Thalif Deen: Falling Oil Prices Threaten Fragile African Economies, IPS 23.12.2014.

Wambi Michael: Africa Sets Demands for Post-2015 Climate Agreement, IPS 10.12.2014.

Miriam Gathigah: Fossil Fuels Won’t Benefit Africa in Absence of Sound Environmental Policies, IPS 30.10.2014.

Xavi Fernández de Castro: Measuring How Climate Change Affects Africa’s Food Security, IPS 15.10.2014.

Sophie Yeo: Can Africa feed itself in spite of climate change? RTCC 09.10.2014.

Climate Finance in Africa, PACJA september 2014 (pdf).

Monde Kingsley Nfor: Outgunned by Rich Polluters, Africa to Bring United Front to Climate Talks, IPS 29.09.2014.

Brendon Bosworth: Africa Seeks Commitment to Adaptation in Climate Deal, 21.09.2014.

Leaders address food security at African Green Revolution Forum in Ethiopia, UNEP Climate Action 02.09.2014.

Ebola epidemic being driven by deforestation and climate change, UNEP Climate Action 20.08.2014.

Megan Darby: Low-cost climate adaptation can help African farmers – UN, RTCC 12.08.2014.

Ed King: Climate change could worsen Sahel conflicts: UN, RTCC 10.07.2014.

Jeffrey Stark & Katsuaki Terasawa: Climate Change and Conflict in West African Cities: Early Warning Signs in Lagos and Accra, New Security Beat 30.06.2014.

Ed King: Africa’s leaders need to be vocal on climate urgency – Ban Ki-moon, RTCC 27.06.2014.

C. Nduta: These four energy projects could thrust Africa into the global green age, Mail & Guardian Africa 24.06.2014.

Miriam Gathigah: Nature Is Talking And Africa’s Legislators Are Listening, IPS 09.06.2014.

John Vidal: Africa sounds the alarm over crucial climate summit, 06.06.2015.

Ed King: African climate adaptation projects starved of cash, says UN chief, RTCC 19.05.2014.

Bryant Harris: The Case for Cutting African Poverty in Half, IPS 18.04.2014.

Sophie Yeo: Congo deforestation could cause region to warm 3C by 2050, RTCC 16.04.2014.

Sophie Yeo: One million solar lamps now shining across Africa, RTCC 03.04.2014.

Ed King: Climate change could devastate Africa crop yields, RTCC 25.03.2014.

Iceland and Japan to lead the way on geothermal energy, UNEP Climate Action 24.02.2014.

Ed King: UN climate talks: rich nations need to deliver in 2014 says Gambia envoy, RTCC 30.01.2014.

Ed King: UN launches Africa plan to swap kerosene for solar, RTCC 21.02.2013.

Busani Bafana: Africa – Calling for a GMO-Free Continent, IPS 29.11.2012.

Wambi Michael: African Negotiators Saving Kyoto from the Grave, IPS 27.11.2012.

Carey L. Biron: Regional Trade Key to African Food Security, World Bank Says, IPS 25.10.2012.

Busani Bafana: Africa Must Earn Its Climate Change Adaptation Finance, IPS 27.07.2012.

Nebert Mulenga: Establishing Environmental Flows in the Zambezi, IPS 12.06.2012.

Kristin Palitza: Africa In the Global Carbon Trade, IPS 12.11.2009.

Julio Godoy: African Sun may Light up European Homes, IPS 29.07.2009.

 

Algeriet 03.09.

7% unconditional cut to greenhouse gas emissions from business as usual by 2030, rising to 22% with international support.

Algeria submits its climate action plan, Panafrican Climate Justice Alliance 12.09.2015.

Algeria, Colombia Submit INDCs, IISD 07.09.2015.

Algeria, The Global Climate Legislation Study 06.09.2015.

Fight against climate change: Algeria’s initiative hailed in Bonn, Algeria Press Service 05.09.2015.

Megan Darby: Algeria targets 7-22% greenhouse gas emissions cut by 2030, RTCC 04.09.2015.

Algeria Submits its Climate Action Plan Ahead of 2015 Paris Agreement, UNFCCC 04.09.2015.

Megan Darby: Algeria targets 7-22% greenhouse gas emissions cut by 2030, RTCC 04.09.2015.

♦ The People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria. Intended Nationally Determined Contribution
INDC, UNFCCC 03.09.2015 (pdf).

Claus Andersen: Climate change performance of Libya, Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco, Climate Positions 02.07.2015.

 

Angola  (ingen INDC)

Angolas klimaplan definerer conditional og unconditional mitigation-målsætninger, som tilsammen udgør 50% under Business As Usual, og hvis fuldt gennemført vil betyde en reduktion i absolutte tal på  omkring 18% mellem 2020 og 2030. 

Vice-President at Environment and Climate Change Summit, Agencia Angola Press 29.11.2015.

Angola Submits its Climate Action Plan Ahead of 2015 Paris Agreement, UNFCCC 29.11.2015.

♦ Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) of the Republic of Angola, UNFCCC november 2015 (pdf).

State Secretary Reiterates Need to Mitigate Climate Changes Effects, Angola Press 26.11.2015.

Environment Ministry Combats Climate Change in Central Highlands, (Angola Press) All Africa 22.06.2015.

 

Benin 07.08. & 29.09.

Aims to cut greenhouse gas emissions 3.5% below business as usual levels by 2030, rising to 21.4% with international support. Budget to meet mitigation and adaptation goals is US$ 30 billion, $2.32 billion of which Benin will provide.

Delphine Bousquet: Benin tackles climate change with sunshine and coconuts, phys.org 17.11.2015.

Benin Submits its Climate Action Plan Ahead of 2015 Paris Agreement, UNFCCC 07.08.2015.

FYR Macedonia, Trinidad and Tobago, Benin and US Announce Climate Plans, IISD 07.08.2015.

♦ Republique du Benin: Contribution Prevue Determinees au Niveau National, UNFCCC 07.08.2015 (pdf).

 

Botswana 01.10.

10% emissions cut by 2030, from a 2010 baseline. Cost estimate US$18.4 billion.

Baboki Kayawe: Hunger Heralds Climate Change’s Arrival in Botswana, IPS 24.11.2015.

Goweditswe Kome: Climate Dents Agriculture Performance, (Daily News) All Africa 17.09.2015.

♦ Botswana Intended Nationally Determined Contribution, UNFCCC 01.10.2015 (pdf).

 

Burkina Faso 28.09.

An unconditional pledge to reduce emissions by 6.6% below business-as-usual levels by 2030, with a further 11.6% reduction conditional upon international support. Includes interim pledges for 2020 and 2025.

Jocelyn Timperley: Latecomers submit Paris Summit climate action plans to UN, Business Green 23.10.2015.

Burkina Faso Submits its Climate Action Plan Ahead of 2015 Paris Agreement, UNFCCC 29.09.2015.

♦ Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) in Burkina Faso, UNFCCC september 2015 (pdf).

George Félix: From slash and burn to ‘slash and mulch’, AgriCultures marts 2015.

Brahima Ouédraogo: First Steps to Save Burkina Faso’s Forests, IPS 20.07.2013.

 

 

Burundi 30.09.

Aims to cut greenhouse gases 3% below business as usual by 2030, rising to 20% on international support.

Burundi Submits its Climate Action Plan Ahead of 2015 Paris Agreement, UNFCCC 30.09.2015.

♦ Republic of Burundi. Intended Nationally Determinded Contributions, UNFCCC september 2015 (pdf).

♦ Contribution Prevue Determinee au Niveau National (CPDN) Burundi, UNFCCC september 2015 (pdf).

Tentative Steps Towards Adaptation, IPS 01.03.2012.

 

Cameroon 28.09.

Cut emissions up to 32% by 2035 on business as usual, depending on international support.

♦ Republique du Cameroun. Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), UNFCCC October 2015 (pdf).

Cameroon Submits its Climate Action Plan Ahead of 2015 Paris Agreement, UNFCCC 28.09.2015.

Mbom Sixtus: ‘Permaculture the African Way’ in Cameroon’s Only Eco-Village, IPS 02.08.2015.

Eugene N. Nforngwa: Renewable energy gains popularity in Cameroon, Standard Tribune 30.08.2014.

Monde Kingsley Nfor: Adaptation Gaps Mean African Farmers Fork Out More Money for Reduced Harvests, IPS 14.08.2014.

 

Capo Verde 29.09.

Will specify GHG cuts from energy sector in second half of 2016, sets targets to achieve 100% grid access by 2017. Renewable energy penetration to rise to 3o% by 2025, or up to 100% on international finance.

Cabo Verde Submits its Climate Action Plan Ahead of 2015 Paris Agreement, UNFCCC 29.09.2015.

♦ Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) of Cabo Verde, UNFCCC september 2015 (pdf).

EU supporting renewable energy in Cape Verde, UNEP Climate Action 20.02.2014.

 

Central African Republic 28.09.

Reduce emissions 5% on business as usual levels by 2030. Total cost of $3.69 billion; $3.46 relies on international cash.

The Central African Republic Submits its Climate Action Plan Ahead of 2015 Paris Agreement, UNFCCC 28.09.2015.

♦ Central African Republic Intended Nationally Determined Contribution, UNFCCC september 2015 (pdf).

 

Chad 29.09.

Cut emissions by 18.2% below business as usual by 2030, rising to 71% on international support.

Chad Submits its Climate Action Plan Ahead of 2015 Paris Agreement, UNFCCC 28.09.2015.

♦ Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) for the Republic of Chad, UNFCCC 01.10.2015 (pdf).

François Djékombé: Tractors Revolutionise Agriculture in Chad, IPS 18.09.2012.

 

Comorerne 17.09.

84% cut in GHG emissions by 2030 on business-as-usual.

The green Africans serious about global warming: Where tiny Comoros beats Ethiopia, and S. Africa hides, Mail & Guardian Afica 28.09.2015.

Comoros INDC, PACJA 30.09.2015.

The Comoros Submit their Climate Action Plan Ahead of 2015 Paris Agreement, UNFCCC 17.09.2015.

♦ Ministère de la Production, de l’Environnement, de l’Energie, de l’Industrie et de l’Artisanat: Contributions Prévues Déterminées au niveau National de l’Union des Comores, UNFCCC Septembre 2015 (pdf).

Nasseem Ackbarally: Indian Ocean Islands Unprepared for Climate Change, (audio) IPS 03.07.2014.

 

Congo 29.09.

Cut emissions by 48% by 2025 and 55% in 2035 below business as usual levels.

♦ République du Congo: Contribution prevue determinee au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC, Conférence des Parties 21, september 2015 (pdf).

The Republic of Congo Submits its Climate Action Plan Ahead of 2015 Paris Agreement, UNFCCC 29.09.2015.

Sophie Yeo: Congo deforestation could cause region to warm 3C by 2050, RTCC 16.04.2014.

 

Democratic Republic of Congo 18.08.

17% GHG cuts by 2030 on 2000 levels, covering agriculture and forests, conditional on $21 billion of support.

Democratic Republic of Congo, The Global Climate Legislation Study 06.09.2015.

Ed King: DRC climate plan ‘leaves laggards with no excuse’, RTCC 24.08.2015.

Democratic Republic of the Congo country brief, UNFCCC 18.08.2015 (pdf).

Democratic Republic of the Congo Submits its Climate Action Plan Ahead of 2015 Paris Agreement, UNFCCC 18.08.2015.

♦ Republique Demotcratique du Congo. Soumission de la Contribution Nationale Prevue Determinee au Niveau National au Titre de la Convention de la Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques, UNFCCC august 2015 (pdf).

Democratic Republic of the Congo Submits INDC, IISD 18.08.2015.

Sophie Yeo: Prepare for a stronger Africa at UN climate talks, says Congo envoy, RTCC 15.10.2014.

John Fraser & Maurice Wa ku Demba: Africa’s Largest Hydroelectric Project May Hit the Rocks, IPS 17.08.2013.

Tentative Steps Towards Adaptation, IPS 01.03.2012.

Kristin Palitza: South Africa Moves Towards Low Carbon Footprint Travel, IPS 05.12.2011.

Kristin Palitza: World’s Biggest Hydropower Scheme Will Leave Africans in the Dark, IPS 15.11.2011.

 

Djibouti 14.08.

Cut emissions 40% from business as usual by 2030 using domestic resources, or another 20% with international support. Take measures to adapt to increasing risk of water scarcity.

Country to Invest Nearly U.S $4 Billion to Curb Greenhouse Gas Emissions, (All Africa) Government of Djibouti 19.08.2015.

Mustafe A. Jirde: Djibouti Submits its Climate Action Plan Ahead of 2015 Paris Agreement, Somaliland Informer 17.08.2015.

Djibouti Submits INDC, IISD 14.08.2015.

Djibouti Submits its Climate Action Plan Ahead of 2015 Paris Agreement, UNFCCC 17.08.2015.

♦ Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of the Republic of Djibouti, UNFCCC august 2015 (pdf).

Djibouti to source 100% of its energy from renewables by 2020, UNEP Climate Action 29.05.2015.

 

Egypten – 11.11.

Egypt pledges to phase out energy subsidies within 3-5 years and possibly institute a national carbon market. The INDC does not include a measurement for renewables, but states that energy efficiency will be the cornerstone of mitigation efforts. Egypt requests $73 billion in international aid for both the adaptation and mitigation plans.

Alex Pashley: Egypt targets fossil fuel subsidy phase-out in UN climate pledge, Climate Home 11.11.2015.

Stian Reklev: Egypt weighs national ETS, eyes regional carbon market, Carbon Pulse 11.11.2015.

♦ Egyptian Intended Nationally Determined Contribution, UNFCCC november 2015 (pdf).

Egypt attracting heavy investment in renewables, UNEP Climate Action 14.10.2015.

Ayah Aman: Could climate change send Egypt ’sinking into the sea’? Al-Monitor 11.10.2015.

Ahmed Fetea: Egypt, Sudan heat waves kill 108 people in August, authorities blaming climate change, (Bloomberg) Mail & Guardian Afica 17.08.2015.

Aswat Masriya: Egypt: Over 90 Die As Egypt’s Temperatures Continue to Soar, All Africa 15.08.2015.

African talks over climate change in ‘pivotal’ stage: Egypt PM, Ahram Online 15.06.2015.

Tarek Soliman: Egyptian youth challenge the city–country divide, AgriCultures juni 2015.

Egypt irrigation minister in Ethiopia for African Climate summit, Ahram Online 27.04.2015.

‘Egypt has entered water poverty era’: Irrigation Minister, Ahram Online 28.03.2015.

Full text of ‘Declaration of Principles’ signed by Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia, Ahram Online 23.03.2015.

Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan sign declaration of principles to resolve Nile dam dispute, Ahram Online 23.03.2015.

El-Sisi calls on developed countries to invest in region’s energy projects, Ahram Online 23.09.2014.

Cam McGrath: Fish Before Fields to Improve Egypt’s Food Production, IPS 26.07.2014.

Egypt’s fuel subsidy cuts a big step in climate change battle, UNEP Climate Action 07.07.2014.

Thomas W. Lippman: The Biggest Mideast Crisis You Probably Don’t Know Enough About, IPS 20.05.2014.

Cameron Scott: How climate change is contributing to Egyptian protests, SF Gate 31.01.2011.

Anna Johnson: Rising seas washing away Egypt’s Nile Delta, (AP) NBC News 27.08.2007.

 

Elfenbenskysten 11.09.

28% emissions cut below 2012 levels by 2030.

Cote d’Ivoire submits its climate action targeting 36% emissions targets, PACJA 24.09.2015.

INDCs of Jordan and Ivory Coast Call for Strong Transport Sector Mitigation Actions, SLOCAT 15.09.2015.

Tesfai Ghebreselassie Sebhatu (Minister of Land, Water and Environment): Eritrea’s Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) report, madote.com 15.09.2015.

Côte d’Ivoire Submits INDC, IISD 11.09.2015.

Cote d’Ivoire Submits its Climate Action Plan Ahead of 2015 Paris Agreement, UNFCCC 11.09.2015.

♦ Contribution Prevues Determinees au Niveau Nacional de la Cote d’Ivorie, UNFCCC september 2015 (pdf).

The Republic of Cote d’Ivoire country brief, UNFCCC 18.08.2015 (pdf).

Marc-Andre Boisvert: Côte d’Ivoire’s Tech Solutions to Local Problems, IPS 15.04.2014.

Marc-Andre Boisvert: Côte d’Ivoire Poised at a Development Crossroad, IPS 18.11.2013.

Fulgence Zamblé: Young Ivorians Fishing Big Profits out of Small Ponds, IPS 06.04.2012.

Aly Ouattara: Falling Global Prices Make Cotton Unattractive, IPS 04.02.2006.

 

Equatorial Guinea 18.09.

Cut emissions by 20% by 2030 compared with 2010 levels.

Equatorial Guinea’s Climate Action, PACJA 30.09.2015.

James Murray: Report: Indonesia set to announce emission reduction plan, Business Green 21.09.2015 (også om Equatorial Guinea).

♦ Contribuciones previstas y determinadas a nivel nacional (Contribuciones nacionales), (Equatorial Guinea INDC), UNFCCC 18.09.2015 (doc).

Equatorial Guinea Submits its Climate Action Plan Ahead of 2015 Paris Agreement, UNFCCC 18.09.2015.

Marina Litvinsky: Elites Hoarding Oil Revenues, Report Charges, IPS 08.07.2009.

Mario de Queiroz: Human Rights Drowning in Oil, IPS 18.08.2008.

 

Eritrea 24.09.

An 80.6% reduction in emissions by 2030, compared to business-as-usual levels. 39.2% of this is unconditional, and can be financed using domestic resources.

Eritrea Submits its INDC, PACJA 24.09.2015.

Eritrea Submits its Climate Action Plan Ahead of 2015 Paris Agreement, UNFCCC 24.09.2015.

♦ The State of Eritrea. Eritrea’s Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) Report, UNFCCC 24.09.2015 (pdf).

 

Etiopien 10.06.

64% greenhouse gas emissions cut by 2030 on business as usual.

Eidmon Tesfaye: Ethiopia: Climate Change – Prevention, Better Than Cure, (Addis Fortune) All Africa 07.09.2015.

Ethiopia, The Global Climate Legislation Study 06.09.2015.

James Wimberley: Paying for a green Ethiopia, The Reality-Based Community 05.09.2015.

Meseret Bekele: US Pledges to Support Ethiopia’s Climate Resilient Green Economy Strategy, ENA 09.07.2015.

Sharmila Devi: Ethiopia sets impressive carbon reduction target, The Lancet 04.07.2015 (pdf).

William Lloyd-George: Ethiopia’s Somali Region Nomadic Pastoralists Benefit from Mobile Services, IPS 30.06.2015.

Eric Mutei: The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam – Ethiopia’s hydro-powered Cleanleap, Clean Leap 28.06.2015.

Ethiopia submits climate plan to U.N., UNEP Climate Action Programme 11.06.2015.

Ellen Ø. Andersen: Ambitiøs klimaplan fra fattigt land, Politiken 11.06.2015.

Showing the way: Ethiopia to cut carbon emissions by two-thirds by 2030, leads rest of the world in setting targets, (AFP) Mail & Guardian Afica 11.06.2015.

Alex Pashley: Ethiopia submits carbon cutting plan for UN climate deal, RTCC 10.06.2015.

Oxfam reaction to Ethiopia’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC, Oxfam 10.06.2015.

Chris Wright: Ethiopia’s Inspires the UNFCCC, Climate Tracker 10.06.2015.

Pakistan prepares its INDC as Ethiopia submits plan to UN, Carbon Pulse 10.06.2015.

Ethiopia: Oxfam Reaction to Ethiopia’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC, (pressemeddelelse) All Africa 10.06.2015.

Morocco, Ethiopia Submit INDCs, IISD 10.06.2015.

Ethiopia Assessment, Climate Action Tracker.

Ethiopia Submits its Climate Action Plan Ahead of 2015 Paris Agreement, UNFCCC 10.06.2015.

♦ Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, UNFCCC 10.06. (pdf).

Ethiopia to lead clean energy push in E.Africa, UNEP Climate Action 13.05.2015.

Chalachew Tadesse: Swelling Ethiopian Migration Casts Doubt on its Economic Miracle, IPS 25.04.2015.

Chalachew Tadesse: Fears Grow for Indigenous People in Path of Massive Ethiopian Dam, IPS 17.04.2015.

Rehab Abd Almohsen: Ethiopian dam deal ignores science, warn experts, SciDevNet 14.04.2015.

Wambi Michael: Renewable Energy: The Untold Story of an African Revolution, IPS 12.12.2014.

James Hassam: Ethiopia Moves in Right Direction with Climate Change Response But Challenges Remain, IPS 21.10.2014.

James Jeffrey: Ethiopia Shows Developing World How to Make a Green Economy Prosper, IPS 16.10.2014.

Ed King: South Africa, Kenya and Ethiopia lead Africa clean energy drive, RTCC 25.09.2014.

Nilima Chouhury: Ethiopia introduces Africa’s largest wind farm, RTCC 07.11.2013.

John Parnell: Ethiopia suggests ‘means testing’ international climate efforts, RTCC 23.05.2013.

Ed McKenna: Ethiopia Leads the Bamboo Revolution, IPS 08.04.2013.

Ed McKenna: The Industrialisation of Africa’s Smallholder Agriculture, IPS 23.12.2012.

Blain Biset: Africa Seeks to Grow More, Buy Less, IPS 11.10.2012.

Isaiah Esipisu: “The Truth is That All Problems Have Solutions” – Even Climate Change in Ethiopia, IPS 24.08.2012.

 

Gabon 01.04.

50% greenhouse gas cuts by 2025 compared to business as usual. The INDC also includes plans for a national carbon market and a domestic green fund.

Matine Valo: Gabon: protecting vital forests, and communities, The Guardian 27.08.2015.

‘Nobody should sell this wood. It protects the forest’, says guardian of Gabon’s sacred tree, but it’s going…, (AFP) Mail & Guardian 21.06.2015.

Gabon submits climate plan to UN ahead of Paris conference, UNEP Climate Action Programme 09.04.2015.

Chinedum Uwaegbulam: Gabon Becomes First African Country to Submit UN Climate Action Plan, All Africa 06.04.2015.

Gabon submits INDC, plans national offset market, Carbon Pulse 02.04.2015.

UNFCCC: Gabon Submits its Climate Action Plan Ahead of 2015 Paris Agreement – The first African country to do so, Congo Basin Forest Partnership 02.04.2015.

Gabon Submits its Climate Action Plan Ahead of 2015 Paris Agreement, UN Climate Newsroom UNFCC 01.04.2015.

♦ République Gabonaise. Contribution prévue déterminée au niveau national – Conférence des Parties 21, UNFCCC marts 2015 (pdf).

 

Gambia 28.09.

A 44% emissions cut by 2025, compared to business as usual projections, and a 45% cut by 2030.

Pa Ousman Jarju (environment minister): Gambia prepares its way to Paris ahead of global climate deal, Torch on Gambia 30.09.2015.

Gambia Assessment, Climate Action Tracker.

The Gambia Submits its Climate Action Plan Ahead of 2015 Paris Agreement, UNFCCC 28.09.2015.

♦ Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of the Gambia, UNFCCC October 2015 (pdf).

Edward Saja Sanneh: Green energy is the future- Gambia’s energy minister, Torch on Gambia 09.09.2015.

Yai Dibba: Gambia: ‘Climate Change Negotiation Process At a Crossroads’, (The Point) All Africa 26.08.2015.

Samba Jawo: Gambia ahead in preparation for UN climate change meeting, Daily Observer 25.08.2015.

Mustapha K. Darboe: 10,000 plus Gambians seek asylum in Europe in 6 months, Torch on Gambia 20.08.2015.

Kirstin Hücking & Sandra Freitas: Supporting the preparation of the Gambia’s INDC – Lessons learned from local stakeholder consultations, CDKN 06.08.2015.

Kirstin Hücking & Sandra Freitas: Lessons from the INDC process in The Gambia, CDKN 24.03.2015.

 

Ghana 23.09.

15% emission cuts on business as usual by 2030.

COP21: Ghana’s green energy gamble on ‘poo-power’, BBC News 01.12.2015.

Farida Abubakari: Why Ghana Needs Strong Adaptation Actions To Combat Climate Change, New Ghana 23.10.2015.

John Spaull: World’s biggest e-dump, or vital supplies for Ghana? SciDevNet 05.10.2015.

Ghana’s Climate Action, PACJA 30.09.2015.

Ghana Submits its Climate Action Plan Ahead of 2015 Paris Agreement, UNFCCC 23.09.2015.

♦ Republic of Ghana. Ghana’s intended nationally determined contribution (INDC) and accompanying explanatory note, UNFCCC september 2015.

Fariya Abubakari: An Ambitious Long Term And Effective Short Term Goals Are The Weapons To Climate Protocol, Modern Ghana 10.09.2015.

Ghana receives $8m climate change adaptation grant, UNEP Climate Action 01.09.2015.

Fariya Abubakari: Will Ghana present a fair and ambitious idea to climate conference? Ghana Web 30.08.2015.

Kofi Adu Domfeh: Ghana hopeful of meeting INDC deadline, Panafrican Climate Justice Alliance 26.08.2015.

EU holds Climate Info Session to support Ghana on the Road to Paris Global Agreement, Delegation of the European Union in Ghana 17.06.2015.

Ayuureyisiya Kapini Atafori: Ghana ready’s standpoint on Paris Climate Change Confab, News Ghana 09.06.2015.

Albert Oppong-Ansah: Shea Harvesting Good for Income, Bad for the Environment in Ghana, IPS 10.07.2014.

Albert Oppong-Ansah: Climate Makes Refugees Out of Young Ghanaians, IPS 13.12.2013.

Nilima Choudhury: Ghana’s women set to engineer solar revolution in rural villages, RTCC 18.09.2013.

Portia Crowe: Riding Towards Sustainable Development, on Bamboo, IPS 23.08.2012.

Albert Oppong-Ansah: Surviving on a Meal a Day in Ghana’s Savannah Zone, IPS 15.08.2013.

Albert Oppong-Ansah: Insuring Ghana’s Smallholder Farmers Against the Weather, IPS 18.07.2012.

Jessica McDiarmid: Ghanaian Fisherfolk Blasting Their Way to Finding Fish, IPS 19.04.2012.

Isaiah Esipisu: Moving Towards a Food-Secure Ghana, IPS 21.12.2011.

 

Guinea 01.10.

A 13% reduction on emissions by 2030, compared to 1994 levels, excluding land use and forestry, conditional upon international support.

Guinea Submits its Climate Action Plan Ahead of 2015 Paris Agreement, UNFCCC 01.10.2015.

♦ Republic of Guinea: Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), UNFCCC 26.09.2015 (docx).

Moustapha Keita: What Price Rice May Do, IPS 31.10.2012.

Moustapha Keita: The Guinean Women Who Earn a Little Coin From Gardening, IPS 10.07.2012.

Moustapha Keita: Working to Provide Water and Electricity For All, IPS 01.03.2012.

 

Guinea-Bissau 30.09.

Aims to boost renewables’ share of the energy mix to 80% by 2030 and develop a national reforestation programme by 2025. Section on adaptation includes to increase protected area coverage from 15 to 26%.

Guinea-Bissau Submits its Climate Action Plan Ahead of 2015 Paris Agreement, UNFCCC 30.09.2015.

♦ Republic of Guinea-Bissau. Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC), UNFCCC september 2015 (doc).

 

Kenya 23.07.

30% greenhouse gas emissions cut from business as usual by 2030; “significant priority” placed on adapting to climate impacts.

Robert Kibet: On Kenya’s climate frontline, female farmers are building a secure future, The Guardian 16.11.2015.

Megan Darby: Climate frontline: The Kenya province counting on a Paris deal, Climate Home 11.11.2015.

Ekai Nabenyo: Climate change in Kenya: if we don’t act now, we Turkana could lose our homes, The Guardian 09.11.2015.

Eric Mutei: Kenya’s Solar Clean Leap-Africa’s Largest Solar Car Park at Garden City Mall, Clean Leap 08.11.2015.

Diana Omondi: Climate change bites Kenyan tea farmers, Deutsche Welle 05.11.2015.

Andrew Wasike: Climate change threatens Kenya’s Turkana communities, Deutsche Welle 30.10.2015.

Isaiah Esipisu: Before Renewable Power Plant is Completed, Geothermal Overtakes Hydro in Kenya, IPS 20.10.2015.

Kenya developing Africa’s biggest wind farm, UNEP Climate Action 13.10.2015.

Sophie Mbugua: Kenya: As Droughts Worsen, Joined-Up Adaptations Build Resilience in Arid Kenya, (Reuters) All Africa 22.09.2015.

Eunice Kilonzo: Kenya: Brace for El Niño, Counties Warned, All Africa 22.09.2015.

Climate resilience project launched in Kenya’s Meru County, PACJA 11.09.2015.

Caroline Kibii: Kenya: Aim for Zero Emissions By 2050 to Limit Global Warming, (The Star) All Africa 10.09.2015.

Africa meeting to boost geothermal energy development, UNEP Climate Action 17.08.2015.

 

Kenya Submits INDC, IISD 14.08.2015.

Kenya’s INDC: does it go far enough? Panafrican Climate Justice Alliance 06.08.2015.

Megan Darby: As climate change bites, Kenya water fund offers hope to farmers, RTCC 31.07.2015.

Robert Kibet: Kenyan Pastoralists Fighting Climate Change Through Food Forests, IPS 30.07.2015.

Isaiah Esipisu: Kenya’s Climate Change Bill Aims to Promote Low Carbon Growth, IPS 27.07.2015.

Joyce Gachugi-Waweru: A leap, a beam, a change: Lighting solutions for off-grid schools in Kenya, Clean leap 25.05.2015.

Kenya submits its INDCs, Panafrican Climate Justice Alliance 25.07.2015.

Megan Darby: Kenya seeks international support for $40bn climate plan, RTCC 24.07.2015.

Kenya, The Global Climate Legislation Study 23.07.2015.

Kenya Submits its Climate Action Plan Ahead of 2015 Paris Agreement, UNFCCC 23.07.2015.

♦ Kenya’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), UNFCCC 23.07.2015 (pdf).

Kenyan Actors unite in Road to Paris, Panafrican Climate Justice Alliance 22.05.2015.

Lisa Vives: Kenyans Attack Food Insecurity with Urban Farms and Sack Gardens, IPS 19.05.2015.

Actors hold dialogue on Road to Paris, Panafrican Climate Justice Alliance 11.05.2015.

Lisa Vives: Kerry Brings Promise of 45 Million Dollars for Kenya’s Massive Refugee Camp, IPS 05.05.2015.

Christopher Martin and Paul Richardson: Solar firms plan microgrids for 200,000 Kenya homes, and Djibouti taps volcanic energy to reduce power costs, (Bloomberg) Mail & Guardian Africa 29.04.2015.

Robert Kibet: Kenyan Pastoralists Protest Wanton Destruction of Indigenous Forest, IPS 25.04.2015.

Miriam Gathigah: Warmer Days a Catastrophe in the Making for Kenya’s Pastoralists, IPS 20.10.2014.

Xavi Fernández de Castro: Measuring How Climate Change Affects Africa’s Food Security, IPS 15.10.2014.

Ed King: South Africa, Kenya and Ethiopia lead Africa clean energy drive, RTCC 25.09.2014.

Miriam Gathigah: Kenya’s Climate Change Legislation Takes Shape To Save Struggling Farmers, IPS 04.06.2014.

Miriam Gathigah: Weak Laws and Capitalist Economy Deplete Kenya’s Natural Wealth, IPS 22.04.2014.

Miriam Gathigah: Kenya’s Empty Bread Basket, IPS 10.02.2014.

Kenyan farmers earn first ever carbon credits from sustainable agriculture, UNEP Climate Action 07.02.2014.

Matthew Newsome: Kenya’s Scorched Earth Removal of Forest’s Indigenous, IPS 24.01.2014.

Miriam Gathigah: Kenya’s Excess of Policies Can’t Deal With Climate Change, IPS 31.12.2013.

Mary Itumbi: Kenya Embraces Carbon Trading, (aduio) IPS 30.08.2013.

Miriam Gathigah: In Kenya, Small Is Vulnerable, IPS 15.07.2013.

Thalif Deen: Small Farmers Buffeted by Climate Change, IPS 15.06.2013.

Isaiah Esipisu: Mapping out Climate Change Adaptation Plans on Kenya’s Airwaves, IPS 28.06.2012.

Isaiah Esipisu: Microloans, Greenhouses Help Women Cope with Climate Change, IPS 02.03.2012.

Isaiah Esipisu: Saving the Forests with Indigenous Knowledge, IPS 08.12.2011.

 

Leshoto 30.09.

An unconditional 10% reduction in emissions compared to a business-as-usual scenario by 2030, or a conditional reduction of 35% by 2030, dependent on international support.

Lesotho Submits its Climate Action Plan Ahead of 2015 Paris Agreement, UNFCCC 30.09.2015.

♦ Leshoto’s Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC), UNFCCC september 2015.

Implementation of INDC project is launched, Informative news 14.07.2015.

Limpho Sello: Minister calls for collective climate plan, Leshoto Times 09.07.2015.

Maholo Sello: INDC to hold workshop on climate change, Public Eye News 06.07.2015.

 

Libyen (ingen INDC)

Ingen spor via Google af en libysk INDC under forberedelse.

Jeff Biggers: Call It What It Is: A Global Migration Shift From Climate, Not a Migrant or Refugee Crisis, Huffington Post 28.08.2015.

Claus Andersen: Climate change performance of Libya, Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco, Climate Positions 02.07.2015.

 

Liberia 30.09.

Emissions cuts of 15% from business as usual by 2030, subject to international support.

Matthias Yeanay & Roland Harris: It’s Time to Put Local Communities in Charge of Liberia’s Forests, IPS 22.10.2015.

Liberia Submits its Climate Action Plan Ahead of 2015 Paris Agreement, UNFCCC 30.09.2015.

♦ Republic of Liberia. Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC), UNFCCC 30.09.2015 (pdf).

Wade C. L. Williams: Liberia’s Poor and the Rising Sea, IPS 25.06.2014.

Wade C. L. Williams: The Bitter Taste of Liberia’s Palm Oil Plantations, IPS 29.05.2013.

 

Madagaskar 24.09.

14% cuts on business as usual by 2030.

♦ Madagascar’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution, UNFCCC 24.09.2015 (pdf).

Alain Raktondravony: Green, Cyclone-Resistant Schools for Madagascar, IPS 26.06.2012.

 

Malawi 08.10.

Mix of policies could cut per capita use from 1.4t CO2e in 2010 to 0.7-0.8t in 2030, if fully implemented, compared to increase to 1.5t under business as usual.

Watson Maningo: Addressing Climate Change and Poverty as one in Malawi, IPS 03.12.2015.

Strengthening climate information in Malawi, UNDP 19.11.2015.

Emmanuel Muwamba: Malawi Gets U.S $12.3 Million to Scale Up Early Warning System, (Nyasa Times) All Africa 10.11.2015.

President Mutharika’s Statement On Malawi Food Situation, All Africa 23.09.2015.

♦ Republic of Malawi. Intended Nationally Determinied Contribution, UNFCCC 08.10.2015 (pdf).

Mabvuto Banda: Politicians’ Delay Means Climate Catastrophe for Malawi’s Poor, IPS 12.12.2013.

Claire Ngoz: Livelihoods Drying Up on Malawi’s Lake Chilwa, IPS 17.08.2012.

Claire Ngoz: Malawi Checks China’s African Advance, IPS 04.08.2012.

Claire Ngoz: Malawi Turns to Mozambique for Power, IPS 06.06.2012.

Claire Ngoz: Paprika – Spicing Up Malawi’s Economy, IPS 29.05.2012.

Charles Mpaka: Water Promises Light for Isolated Community, IPS 14.11.2011.

 

Mali 29.09.

Cut emissions from agriculture 29%, energy sector 31%, land-use change 21% below business-as-usual by 2030.

Mali Submits its Climate Action Plan Ahead of 2015 Paris Agreement, UNFCCC 29.09.2015.

♦ Republique du Mali. Un Peuple – Un But – Une Foi. Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les
Changements Climatiques 21ème Conférence des Parties, UNFCCC september 2015 (pdf).

Marc-Andre Boisvert: West Africa’s Refugee and Security Crisis, IPS 19.03.2014.

Marc-Andre Boisvert: Economic Crisis in Mali’s North as the South Recovers, IPS 06.02.2014.

Malian Farmers Want Their Land Back, IPS 12.09.2012.

Soumaila T. Diarra: Super Cereal For Mali’s Malnourished Children, IPS 23.07.2012.

 

Marokko 05.06.

32% greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 on business as usual.

Dave Keating: Could Morocco’s megaplant revive dreams of Saharan solar? Deutsche Welle 04.12.2015.

David McNair: Morocco Will Soon Become the World’s Solar Energy Superpower, Take Part 19.11.2015.

Artur Neslen: Morocco poised to become a solar superpower with launch of desert mega-project, The Guardian 26.10.2015.

Thomas Bo Christensen: Afrikansk ordre i støbeskeen hos Vestas, EnergyWatch 16.09.2015.

Morocco, The Global Climate Legislation Study 06.09.2015.

Claus Andersen: Climate change performance of Libya, Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco, Climate Positions 02.07.2015.

Ed King: Paris climate pledges need explaining says Morocco minister, RTC 06.07.2015.

Alex Pashley: EU unveils Morocco summit to gauge climate pledges, RTCC 26.06.2015.

M. Raven: Morocco’s INDC – A strong signal coming from the first Arab country, Climate Action Network 10.06.2015.

Morocco, Ethiopia Submit INDCs, IISD 10.06.2015.

Alex Pashley: Morocco bids to axe fossil fuel subsidies in climate pledge, RTCC 08.06.2015.

Morocco submits 2030 climate pledge, open to markets, Carbon Pulse 06.06.2015.

Morocco Assessment, Climate Action Tracker.

♦ Morocco Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Under The UNFCCC (pdf).

Morocco ‘to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 13% by 2030’, AFP 02.06.2015.

Morocco submits its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC, IISD 02.06.2015.

Boris Schinke: Morocco‘s INDC – A leading climate action commitment from the Arab region, GermanWatch juni 2015 (pdf).

Morocco Submits its Climate Action Plan Ahead of 2015 Paris Agreement, UN Climate Newsroom UNFCC 05.06.2015.

EU backs giant Morocco solar project with $48m, UNEP Climate Action 20.05.2015.

Ed King: Morocco hailed as climate ‘poster child’ after oil subsidy axe, RTCC 21.07.2014.

Julio Godoy: Dreams of a ‘Green Utopia’ Wither in the Maghreb, IPS 12.12.2012.

 

Mauretanien 30.09.

22.3% emissions cuts by 2030 below business as usual, of which five-sixths hinges on international support. Total cost for mitigation and adaptation estimated at US$17.6 billion.

♦ Contribution Prévue Déterminée au Niveau National de la Mauritanie a la Convention Cadre des Nation Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC), UNFCCC september 2015 (pdf).

 

Mauritius 28.09.

30% emissions cut by 2030 compared to business as usual, subject to international support.

♦ Intended Nationally Determined Contribution for the Republic of Mauritius, UNFCCC september 2015 (pdf).

James Mbugua: Africa firms set eyes on green future, Mauritius bank among first off the blocks, Mail & Guardian Africa 08.12.2014.

Nasseem Ackbarally: Indian Ocean Islands Unprepared for Climate Change, (audio) IPS 03.07.2014.

 

Mozambique 01.10.

Estimated emissions cuts of 76.5 MtCO2eq over 2020-30, from business as usual.

♦ Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) of Mozambique to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), UNFCCC 01.10.2015 (pdf).

Mozambique Preparing for Paris Climate Change Conference, (AIM) All Africa 19.09.2015.

Busani Bafana: Africa Pays the Price of Low Harvests Thanks to Costly Fertilisers, IPS 25.09.2014.

Jinty Jackson: Selling Ethanol Stoves in Mozambique to Generate Carbon Credits, IPS 26.05.2012.

 

Namibia 29.09.

An 89% cut to greenhouse gas emissions from business as usual by 2030, mainly through reducing deforestation. Price tag: US$33 billion.

Strong El Niño Presence Does Not Bode Well for Namibian Farmers, (New Era) All Africa 27.10.2015.

♦ Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) of The Republic of Namibia to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UNFCCC september 2015 (pdf).

Adapting to Climate Change in Arid North Western Namibia, (New Era) All Africa 22.09.2015.

 

Niger 26.09.

Commits to cut GHGs 3.5% below business as usual by 2030, rising to 34.6% with international support.

John Vidal: Niger delta oil pipeline vandalism estimated to cost $14bn a year, The Guardian 11.11.2015.

♦ Republic of Niger. Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) of Niger, UNFCCC 26.09.2015.

Ousseini Issa: Strained Welcome for 15,000 Malian Refugees, IPS 21.02.2012.

 

Nigeria 28.11.

Afleveret 2 min. i Paris, men en ganske ambitiøs INDC med 45% reduktion i forhold til BAU, hvoraf de 20% er unconditional.

House Committee Tasks Mdas On Climate Change Preparedness, (This Day) All Africa 25.12.2015.

INDCs: It’s no longer business as usual, says Nigeria, Envir News 28.11.2015.

Amina J. Mohammed: Nigeria submits INDCs to UNFCCC, Envir News 28.11.2015.

Nigeria Submits its Climate Action Plan Ahead of 2015 Paris Agreement, UNFCCC 28.11.2015.

♦ Nigeria’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution, UNFCCC november 2015 (pdf).

♦ Nigeria’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution, (Summary) UNFCCC november 2015 (pdf).

Emmanuel Olorunfemi: COP21: Nigeria’s Failure to Submit INDC, Promoting Sustainability 28.11.2015.

Saurabh Mahapatra: $100 Million Investment Announced For Nigeria’s First Utility-Scale Solar Power Project, CleanTechnica 27.11.2015.

Olufemi Adeosun: Nigeria risks losing $4.5bn to INDC non-submission, National Mirror 25.11.2015.

Johnson Eyiangho: Nigeria yet to submit its intended contribution to Climate Agreement- Minister, NAN News Nigeria 24.11.2015.

Nigeria to source 50% energy from renewables, UNEP Climate Action 04.11.2015.

Alexis Akwagyiram: Nigeria faces stiff challenge to boost agriculture sector, Reuters 03.11.2015.

Oladipupo Ajiroba: Renewable Energy As an Option to Solving Climate Crisis? (Daily Independent) All Africa 22.09.2015.

Chinedum Uwaegbulam: Nigeria INDC for Presidency approval, targets emissions cut in half by 2030, The Guardian (Nigeria) 21.09.2015.

Hassan Gbassay Koroma: Flood Sacks Over 3,000 Families in Kaduna, (Daily Trust) All Africa 21.09.2015.

Elisha Awojuola: Stakeholders’ Consultative/Validation Workshop on Nigeria’s INDC to the UNFCCC, Department of Climate Change, Federal Ministry of Environment 19.09.2015.

Odewale Abayomi Joseph: Why Nigeria should hasten and submit climate action plan, Envir News Nigeria 13.09.2015.

Nigerian civil society issues declaration, PACJA 11.09.2015.

Chukwuma Nwaonicha: Effects of Global Warming and Climate Change, and the Way Forward, (This Day) All Africa 10.09.2015.

Tharanga Yakupitiyage: U.N. Chief Warns of Growing Humanitarian Crisis in Northeastern Nigeria, IPS 26.08.2015.

Ed King: Nigeria energy minister backs solar for rural communities, RTCC 05.08.2015.

Ini Ekott: Nigeria to Balance GHG Emission Cuts with Development Peculiarities, IPS 02.08.2015.

Nigeria commissions Ricardo-AEA to prepare INDCs, Envir News Nigeria 03.07.2015.

Youth groups confront Muhammadu Buhari on climate change, Envir News Nigeria 31.05.2015.

Lekan Fadina: Road to Paris 2015 (19), Envir News Nigeria 20.05.2015.

Emmanuel Oladipo: Making Nigeria climate resilient (7): How is nation responding to the challenge? Envir News Nigeria 17.05.2015.

UNDP To Help Nigeria Meet Climate Change Obligations – Country Director, (NAN) Leadership 14.05.2015.

Nigeria Initiates Preparation of Climate Action Plan Towards #Paris2015, Climate Wednesday 04.05.2015.

Nigeria initiates preparation of climate action plan, Envir News Nigeria 03.05.2015.

Ed King: Nigeria will be ‘forceful’ climate advocate, says Buhari, RTCC 02.04.2015.

CSDevNet launches action/2015 campaign in Nigeria, Envir News Nigeria 15.01.2015.

Sam Olukoya: Time for Nigeria to Curb its Own Emissions, (video) IPS 08.06.2014.

Stephen Leahy: The Sickest Places in the World, IPS 05.11.2013.

 

Rwanda 30.09.

Target still under development. US$24 billion price tag for water, energy and agriculture measures.

♦ Intended Nationally Determinied Contribution (INDC) for the Republic of Rwanda, UNFCCC (final) november 2015 (pdf).

Rwanda, Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, 01.10.2015.

Vivian Li: Rural Electrification in Rwanda: Technical and Policy Challenges, The Energy Collective 01.10.2015.

Rwanda Submits its Climate Action Plan Ahead of 2015 Paris Agreement, UNFCCC 30.09.2015.

♦ Intended Nationally Determinied Contribution (INDC) for the Republic of Rwanda, UNFCCC (preliminary) september 2015 (pdf).

Taha Selim Ustun: How Rwanda’s clinics have gone off-grid and onto renewable energy, The Conversation 25.07.2015.

World Bank agrees $340m investment in Burundi, Rwanda and Tanzania hydro project, UNEP Climate Action Programme 07.08.2013.

 

Sao Tome and Principe 30.09.

Sao Tome and Principe: Cut emissions 24% by 2030 on 2005 levels. Country is a net carbon sink.

♦ Sao Tome and Principe Intended Nationally Determined Contribution, UNFCCC september 2015 (pdf).

Megan Iacobini de Fazio: Sao Tome and Principe at Oil Bonanza Crossroads, IPS 24.08.2010.

Mario de Queiroz: ‘Promised Land’ Beckons, Under the Sea, IPS 27.11.2006.

Lansana Fofana: Oil Raises Hope, Fear, IPS 30.06.2003.

 

Senegal 26.09.

GHG cuts of 6% by 2030 from business as usual, rising to 31% on international finance. Cost of plan comes to $21.5 billion.

Carley Petesch: Senegal: Saloum Delta islands on frontline of climate change, (AP) Washington Post 09.11.2015.

♦ Republique du Senegal. Contribution Prevue Determinee au Niveau National (CPDN), UNFCCC september 2015 (pdf).

Kathryn Werntz & Megan Rowling: Climate-smart development crystallizes on Senegal’s salt flats, Reuters 17.09.2015.

$343m wind energy project agreed for Senegal, UNEP Climate Action 09.06.2015.

Doreen Akiyo Yomoah: Senegal Walks a Fine Line Between Development and Environmental Protection, IPS 22.06.2014.

 

Seychellerne 25.09.

Will slash emissions 29% on a business as usual basis by 2030, costing an estimated $309 million.

♦ Republic of Seychelles. Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Under The United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change, UNFCCC september 2015 (pdf).

Nasseem Ackbarally: Indian Ocean Islands Unprepared for Climate Change, (audio) IPS 03.07.2014.

 

Sierra Leone 01.10.

Sierra Leone: Pledges to keep emissions “relatively low” (close to 7.58MtCO2e) by 2035, or achieve neutrality by 2050, conditional upon international support.

♦ Sierra Leone’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), UNFCCC 01.10.2015 (docx).

Hassan Gbassay Koroma: Climate Change Director Predicts ‘More Calamities’, (Concord Times) All Africa 21.09.2015.

 

Somalia 17.11.

Der er med støtte fra UNDP udarbejdet en INDC, som definerer indsatser på 9 hovedområder. Men med Somalias forsvindende CO₂-fodaftryk er der mere vægt på klimatilpasning, modvirkelse af problematisk skovrydning og stimulering af bæredygtig udvikling.

Clár Ní Chonghaile: In Somaliland, climate change is now a life-or-death challenge, The Guardian 23.11.2015.

Megan Darby: Somalia climate plan targets illegal charcoal trade, Climate Home 17.11.2015.

Somalia Submits its Climate Action Plan Ahead of 2015 Paris Agreement, UNFCCC 17.11.2015.

♦ Somalia’s Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs), UNFCCC november 21015 (pdf).

Quarterly Progress Report Environment and Energy Project (Somalia), UNDP 2015 (pdf).

Alex Kirby: Climate change increases tension in Horn of Africa, PACJA 13.10.2015.

Alex Dick-Godfrey: Somalia Ready for Oil Exploration? CFR 15.01.2015.

“You’ve Made a Wager of Our Future”: Somali Youth Activist Pleads to U.N. Summit for Climate Action, Democracy Now 22.11.2013.

 

South Sudan 23.11.

South Sudan opridser i sin draft til en INDC en række klima- og klimatilpasningsindsatser. Vil over 10 år plante 20 mio. træer og frede 20% af sit skovareal. vil i løbet af 2016 få mere detaljerede opgørelser over udledninger, som muliggør en egentlig klimaplan. Skønnet samlet finansieringsbehov frem til 2030: 50 mia. $.

Megan Darby: South Sudan, world’s youngest country, submits climate plan, Climate Home 23.11.2015.

Ben Garside: INDC Roundup: Three more nations submit INDCs as climate summit looms, Carbon Pulse 23.11.2015.

South Sudan Submits its Climate Action Plan Ahead of 2015 Paris Agreement, UNFCCC 23.11.2015.

♦ Republic of South Sudan, Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (Draft), UNFCCC november 2015 (pdf).

South Sudan Experience, UNFCCC notat (pdf).

Abubakr A. M. Salih, Heiner Körnich & Michael Tjernström: Climate impact of deforestation over South Sudan in a regional climate model, International Journal of Climatology vol. 33, no. 10,  pp 2362–75, August 2013 (abstract).

Sophie Yeo: Climate impacts fuelling South Sudan war says minister, Climate Home 30.05.2014.

Katelyn Fossett: South Sudan “Between Somalia and Congoa”, IPS 25.04.2013.

Jared Ferrie: Bracing for a Massive Influx of Returnees, IPS 18.05.2012.

Chris Lang: Land grabs, logging and carbon credits in South Sudan, REDD Monitor 10.06.2011.

 

Sudan 10.11.

In Sudan’s INDC, the country pledges to increase renewable energy to 20% of the electricity mix by 2030, save 6500 GWh through energy efficiency and increase forest coverage to 25% of the Sudan by 2030, among other actions. The INDC contains a substantial section on the adaptation challenges facing the country, as well as some adaptation action plans, for which Sudan requests $12.88 billion in international support. .

Sudan Submits its Climate Action Plan Ahead of 2015 Paris Agreement, UNFCCC 20.11.2015.

♦ Republic of Sudan. Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs), UNFCCC november 2015 (pdf).

Ali Mohamed Ahmed: What Really Matters as We Anticipate Sudan’s INDC, Arab Youth Climate Movement 17.10.2015.

Ali Assir Ali Mohamed Ahmed: 2050: Our Year for Sudan, Arab Youth Climate Movement 05.09.2015.

Ahmed Fetea: Egypt, Sudan heat waves kill 108 people in August, authorities blaming climate change, (Bloomberg) Mail & Guardian Africa 17.08.2015.

cRepublic of the Sudan. National Adaptation Programme of Action, UNFCCC juli 2007 (pdf).

Ali Mohamed Ahmed: The actual orientation towards the use of solar energy in Sudan, Arab Youth Climate Movement 10.06.2015.

Minister of Oil welcomes organization of Seventeenth Conference of Oil, Gas and Minerals in Sudan, Embassy of the Republic og Sudan, Washington DC 08.06.2015.

Sudan, Environmental and Climate Change Assessment, Prepared for IFAD’s Country Strategic Opportunities Programme 2013-2017, IFAD 13.07.2010 (pdf).

 

Swaziland 29.09.

Aims to double the renewable share of its energy mix by 2030, compared to 2010 levels. Also pledges to develop a national emissions inventory, baseline and business as usual projections, in order to draw up a national mitigation goal by 2020.

♦ Swaziland’s INDC, UNFCCC september 2015 (pdf).

 

Sydafrika 25.09.

Aims to ‘peak, plateau and decline’ emissions by 2030, requires $53 billion for adaptation to climate impacts.

South Africa grapples with worst drought in 30 years, BBC News 30.11.2015.

President Jacob Zuma Attends Paris Climate Change Conference, 30 Nov, South African Government 28.11.2015.

Nuclear and renewable: South Africa’s ambitious new energy mix, (AFP-Jiji) Japan Times 23.11.2015.

Ed Stoddard: South African drought follows third-driest season in 80 years, Reuters 10.11.2015.

Holle Linnea Wlokas & Britta Rennkamp: Power to the people: renewable energy projects must be a collaborative effort, The Conversation 06.10.2015.

Alex Pashley: South Africa targets 2025 emissions peak in UN climate plan, Climate Home 25.09.2015.

♦ South Africa’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), UNFCCC september 2015 (pdf).

Rebecca Davis: Climate change: South Africa readies itself for COP 21, The Daily Maverick 23.09.2015.

Efforts Stepped Up in Climate Change, (Tschwane) All Africa 15.09.2015.

Taufeeq Dhansay: Geothermal technology is expensive, but it should still be part of South Africa’s energy mix, The Conversation 14.09.2015.

Alex Pashley: South Africa accused of weakening emissions target, RTCC 24.08.2015.

Saliem Fakir: A carbon tax for South Africa: why a pragmatic approach makes sense, The Conversation 06.08.2015.

Ed King: South Africa to target 34% carbon cuts by 2025, RTCC 04.08.2015.

♦ South Africa Assessment, Climate Action Tracker.

Munyaradzi Makoni: One Tune, Different Hymns – Tackling Climate Change in South Africa, IPS 28.07.2015.

Lucy Baker: South Africa’s renewable energy plan needs a close eye, The Conversation 10.07.2015.

Roula Inglesi-Lotz: How South Africa can transition to a less energy-intensive economy, The Conversation 07.07.2015.

Ed King: India, China, Brazil & South Africa issue UN climate deal checklist, RTCC 30.06.2015.

Steve Thomas: Why nuclear power would be a bad option for South Africa, The Conversation 10.06.2015.

South Africa, The Global Climate Legislation Study 29.05.2015.

Jeffrey Moho: Slum-Dwelling Still a Continental Trend in Africa, IPS 22.05.2015.

Ed King: South Africa, Kenya and Ethiopia lead Africa clean energy drive, RTCC 25.09.2014.

Brendon Bosworth: Carbon Emissions May Become Taxing for Big South African Polluters, (video) IPS 07.06.2014.

South Africa’s Quest to Cut Carbon Emissions, IPS 28.05.2014.

Brendon Bosworth: Offsets to Cushion South African Carbon Tax, IPS 28.05.2014.

Busani Bafana: Resistance Over GMOs as South Africa Pushes Biotechnology, IPS 27.01.2014.

Nilima Choudhury: Coal-heavy South Africa eyes wind and solar sectors, RTCC 23.07.2013.

Jinty Jackson: Dreaming Big – But Who Will Fund Southern Africa’s Infrastructure Plans? IPS 28.06.2013.

WWF applauds Budget’s commitment towards a low-carbon transition, WWF 27.02.2013.

John Parnell: South Africa and Australia elected to chair board of $100bn climate fund, RTCC 23.08.2012.

John Parnell: Can South Africa spark a clean energy revolution across the continent? RTCC 14.08.2012.

Lee Middleton: Rural School Running on Methane Bio-Gas, IPS 01.03.2012.

Kristin Palitza: South Africa Moves Towards Low Carbon Footprint Travel, IPS 05.12.2011.

Kristin Palitza: World’s Biggest Hydropower Scheme Will Leave Africans in the Dark, IPS 15.11.2011.

Kristin Palitza: GMOs – Strategic Priority in Whose Interest? IPS 27.10.2009.

Kristin Palitza: Small Farmers Pushed to Plant GM Seed, IPS 21.07.2008.

 

Tanzania 29.09.

Cut emissions by 10-20% below business as usual by 2030.

Kizito Makoye: Solar Power Keeps the Midnight Oil Burning at the University of Dodoma, IPS 19.11.2015.

♦ United Republic of Tanzania. Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs), UNFCCC september 2015 (pdf).

Kizito Makoye: Aid Freeze Over Energy Controversy a Blow to Tanzanian Economy, IPS 18.01.2015.

Dar es Salaam, Tanzania set to become resilient megacity, UNEP Climate Action 26.08.2014.

Mothers Light Up Homes in Rural Tanzania, IPS 10.06.2014.

 

Togo 30.09.

Emissions cuts of 11% from business as usual by 2030, rising to 31% with international support. Price tag US$3.5 billion.

Togo Submits its Climate Action Plan Ahead of 2015 Paris Agreement, UNFCCC 30.09.2015.

♦ Republic og Togo: Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) within the framework of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), UNFCCC September 2015 (pdf).

Milagros Salazar: Sharing Indigenous Knowledge from All Ends of the Globe, IPS 29.05.2013.

 

Tunesien 16.09.

13% cut in carbon intensity by 2030 from 2010 levels, rising to 41% with international cash.

Alex Pashley: Tunisia warns of tourism dive if planet overheats, RTCC 16.09.2015.

Tunisia Submits INDC, IISD 16.09.2015.

♦ Republic of Tunisia. Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC), UNFCCC august 2015 (pdf).

Claus Andersen: Climate change performance of Libya, Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco, Climate Positions 02.07.2015.

Ed King: Tunisia embeds climate change in constitution, RTCC 27.01.2014.

Justin Hyatt: In Southern Tunisia, Pollution No Longer Swept Under the Rug, IPS 07.06.2013.

 

Uganda 14.10.

In Uganda’s INDC, the country sets a target of reducing emissions by 22% from business as usual levels by 2030 conditional upon international support. Uganda will reach this goal by taking a series of mitigation measures in its forestry, wetlands, and energy sectors. Uganda also lists a series of actions it plans to take to bolster its adaptive capacity to climate change.

Rachel Nandelenga: Uganda targets 22% emissions cut to achieve low-carbon growth, UNDP 16.11.2015.

Uganda launches process to develop Green Growth Strategy, (pressemeddelelse), UNDP 30.10.2015.

Baluku Kime: Ugandan mayor: My district will be 100% renewable by 2020, The Guardian 20.10.2015.

♦ Ministry of Water and Environment: Uganda’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), UNFCCC October 2015 (pdf).

Edgar A. Battle: Climate Change Learning Centres Launched in Bulambuli, Sironko, All Africa 23.09.2015.

Edgar A. Battle: Conservation Farming Saved Them From Drought, All Africa 23.09.2015.

UNEP and Uganda sign climate change adaptation deal, UNEP Climate Action 27.08.2015.

Wambi Michael: Climate Change Shrinking Uganda’s Lakes and Fish, IPS 22.08.2015.

John Spaull: PhDs in Focus: Helping Uganda’s neglected pastoralists, SciDevNet 18.05.2015.

Prossy Nandudu: Uganda Still Grapples with Inadequate Funds to Tackle Climate Change, IPS 03.11.2014.

Elizabeth Katushabe: Reviving the Ankole Longhorns of Uganda, AgriCultures marts 2014.

Fred Ojambo: Nile Powers Uganda Slowly, IPS 24.10.2012.

Fred Ojambo: Uganda Oils Sales to China, IPS 21.09.2012.

 

Western Sahara (ingen INDC)

På Google er der ikke spor efter forberedelser af en INDC for Western Sahara. Landet er delvist besat af Marokko, så det er usandsynligt, at det kommer.

 

Zambia 29.09.

Emissions cuts of 25% from business as usual by 2030 with domestic resources, costed at US$15 billion, increasing to 47% with an estimated $35bn of international support.

James Jeffrey: Where Technology and Medicine Meet in Rural Zambia, IPS 20.11.2015.

Friday Phiri: How Climate Change Threatens Zambia’s Already Fragile Nutrition Record, IPS 31.10.2015.

James Jeffrey: Power-Cut Blues in Zambia, (Al Jazeera) All Africa 27.10.2015.

♦ Zambia’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the 2015 Agreement on Climate Change, UNFCCC 29.09.2015 (pdf).

France to finance solar projects in Zambia, UNEP Climate Action 10.08.2015.

Ed King: Australia carbon axe leaves poor ‘helpless’ says Zambia minister, RTCC 22.07.2014.

Friday Phiri: Financial Inclusion Key to Climate Risk Reduction for Zambia’s Smallholders, IPS 06.07.2015.

Birbal Boniface Musoba: The INDC Roadmap: Zambia Stands and is Counted, Zambia National Climate Change Secretariat 18.06.2015.

Zambia Prepares to Reduce Emissions in New Climate Action Plan, UNDP 26.105.2015.

Piliro Phiri: Rare Zambian Tree Faces Exploitation Because of Legal Loophole, IPS 19.09.2014.

Ernest Chiombe: Waiting for the Rains, Zambia Grapples With Climate Change, IPS 29.12.2013.

Baboki Kayawe: Electricity for All but Those the Kariba Dam Displaced, IPS 26.03.2013.

Garikai Chaunza: Opening of Kariba Dam Floodgates Not Welcomed by All, (audio) IPS 25.03.2013.

Nebert Mulenga: Foreign Farmers Undermine Food Security in Zambia, IPS 01.11.2012.

 

Zimbabwe 30.09.

Plans to keep per-capita emissions from energy sector 33% below business as usual by 2030, provided there is sufficient support.

Sophie Mbugua: Drought saps energy production in Zimbabwe, SciDevNet 10.11.2015.

Jeffrey Gogo: Crippling power cuts fuel Zimbabwe’s illegal logging trade, Reuters 06.11.2015.

Ignatius Banda: Zimbabwe’s Mega Dam Project Could Flounder in the Face of Climate Change, IPS 03.11.2015.

♦ Zimbabwe’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UNFCCC september 2015 (pdf).

Tapuwa Nhachi & Stanley Mugomeza: Business must consider climate change, Zimbabwe Independent 18.09.2015.

Jeffrey Gogo: No Pressure On Emission Targets, (The Herald) All Africa 14.09.2015.

Ignatius Banda: Zimbabwe’s Forest Carbon Programme Not All It Seems, IPS 14.08.2015.

Jeffrey Moyo: Fish Farming Now a Big Hit in Africa, IPS 05.08.2015.

Ignatius Banda: Zimbabwe’s Climate Change Ambitions May be Too Tall, IPS 02.08.2015.

Jeffrey Mojo: Goats Take the Bite Out of Climate Change in Zimbabwe, IPS 22.07.2015.

Jeffrey Mojo: Zimbabwe’s Famed Forests Could Soon Be Desert, IPS 06.02.2015.

Tonderayi Mukeredzi: Zimbabwe Battles with Energy Poverty, IPS 27.01.2015.

Zimbabwe, The Global Climate Legislation Study 29.05.2015.

Jeffrey Mojo: The African Battle to Access Climate Change Funds, IPS 03.12.2013.